Y-SNP: SUPPLEMENT TO—NOT A REPLACEMENT FOR—Y-STR

[VikLevaPatel]

The Bottom Line is ...

"These Y-SNP tests are a supplement to—not a replacement for—the Y-STR tests that have been our staple until now."

—David R. Dowell Ph.D., NextGen Genealogy: The DNA Connection, 2014, page 40

There are two methods of testing the Y chromosome — Y-STR and Y-SNP. ... of repeats within a marker is calculated, we can compare the results of that marker plus a few other markers to see whether two or more individuals are related.

https://www.google.com/books/edition...sec=frontcover

Big Y Results: https://archive.is/StuqX/4d04c2386d9...1a1117bb0e.png
Surnames: https://archive.is/8X3Se/c22f1c409a9...4d7415f2b3.png
Countries: https://archive.is/3TeCo/f2d6abb8878...fe75b0006c.png
23andMe: https://archive.is/LUNir/25a55e62819...bc0b675b15.png
Paternal Haplogroup: https://archive.is/Cd67Q/d58d3440375...0a9fb6cbbc.png

From: Roots for Real
Sent: Friday, 14 January 2022 8:25 AM
To: VIK

Subject: Y discrepancies

Well, I would not put it that way. The Y SNPs and the Y STRs are on the same Y chromosome, so they have to point towards the same result. If they do not, then that is a fault of the company lab work, of the company database or of the company algorithm, not the fault of your Y chromosome.

Regards,
Peter

Dr. Peter Forster
and your Roots for Real team
Genetic Ancestor Ltd.
Cambridge, UK

Roots for Real
Sat 15/01/2022 8:55 PM

Thanks Vik. I have now looked at your original email from 6 Dec 2021, when you submitted the Y reports to Roots for Real, and those two reports, from DDC and from DNA Solutions, claim E1b1b.

So this potential error is nothing to do with FTDNA. I had wrongly assumed from your thread that this was the FTDNA error you were referring to.

Regards,
Peter

Dr. Peter Forster
and your Roots for Real team
Genetic Ancestor Ltd.
Cambridge, UK

[VikLevaPatel]

"In summary, I’d say the iGENEA Basic test is expensive considering you have to choose a maternal or paternal analysis, instead of receiving both. The information you receive explains the results well, and access to the FTDNA database is a great feature, but it was confusing to be given two paternal haplogroups. All in all, if you’re looking for a genetic ancestry test for beginners or as a gift, iGENEA is satisfactory, but your money may go further elsewhere."

https://dnatestingchoice.com/ancestr...er%20elsewhere

https://archive.is/dlZcY#selection-1363.0-1371.150

The online account gave me the option to buy further tests, including one for a ‘Monoamine Oxidase A’ gene – aka the ‘Warrior Gene’ – which apparently causes its carriers to be more willing to make and take calculated risks!

https://archive.is/dlZcY#selection-1421.0-1421.224

WHAT DO SNP'S TELL US

Oxygen: The molecule that made the world

[VikLevaPatel]

DNA is a double helix made up of 3 billion pairs of smaller units – nucleotides. There are four different types of nucleotides – adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).

The two most important technological breakthroughs in the field of molecular genetics have been the discovery of DNA markers called SNPs (pronounced “snip/s") and the invention of DNA chips. SNPs are the most common type of DNA variation, simple chemical substitutions estimated to occur about once in every 1,000 letters of DNA code.

SNPs contribute to differences among individuals and populations. Most of them have no effect; others cause subtle differences in countless features, such as appearance, while some affect the risk for certain diseases.

SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms, pronounced snips) are genetic mutations at one point on a gene. SNPs are very common, and every individual may have hundreds of thousands. A SNP, or single-base difference between individuals, occurs about every ∼1250 bp on average. Over 115 million SNPs have been described.

A large proportion of the genome sequence (~99%) is the same for all humans. In all people, 99.9% of the DNA is identical; SNPs are responsible for differences among individuals. Many genes in human populations are polymorphic, which means that they have two or more alleles that are common in the population.

Polymorphism at the DNA level includes a wide range of variations from single base pair change, many base pairs, and repeated sequences. DNA polymorphisms are endless, and more discoveries continue at a rapid rate.

Each SNP represents a difference in a single DNA building block, called a nucleotide.

... descendants of the single person who first showed a specific rare mutation on the Y-chromosome called a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP, pronounced snip), which may occur once in a period of tens of thousands of years.

https://www.google.com/books/edition...sec=frontcover

The scientific name for a born-dirty gene is genetic polymorphism, which is a fancy way of saying “genetic variation.” As we saw in the introduction, these genes are also called single-nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs—pronounced “snips ...

https://www.google.com/books/edition...sec=frontcover

How Sports Science Is Creating a New Generation of Superathletes--and What We Can Learn from Them:

A SNP is a variation in a DNA sequence in which just one nucleotide is different in the genome; a single letter of the genetic code differs between the two samples. If you gather enough people, you can start to associate certain SNPs with the differences between those people, ...

A DNA sequence variation is called a SNP when a single nucleotide is changed to another at a particular position within a genome. SNPs are the most common sequence variations in the human genome with approximately 1 SNP per 1,000 base ...

https://www.google.com/books/edition...sec=frontcover

[VikLevaPatel]

Over 200 STR markers have been identified on the human Y chromosome.

Information about Y-chromosome STR haplotype population frequencies is available at www.ystr.org.

Report for Sample #1

https://archive.is/SKFWN/741eb22fcf6...bb2bebd75a.png
https://archive.is/tRhtM/58704306004...2b42ec305e.png

[VikLevaPatel]

Genovate Review:

Genovate is a world-renowned specialist in DNA testing, offering services not only in the U.S.A, but also to Canada, the UK, Australia, and many more. It uses state of the art technology to offer accurate test results, as quickly as possible. The scientists at Genovate have a wealth of experience in DNA analysis, and it was even one of the very first laboratories to begin using buccal (mouth) swab DNA collection, over twenty years ago. Today, this is the chosen method for almost all major DNA testing brands. Therefore, if you’re looking for a company with world-class knowledge and experience, look no further. Genovate isn’t only a testing service operator, but also a research organization.

https://archive.is/70Xi5#selection-409.0-417.81

What are fast mutating DNA markers?

STR versus SNP markers

https://i.ibb.co/z5q3FqB/home-fast-str-mutation.png

fast_str_mutation.png

There is more than one type of marker that can be used for ancestry: STR and SNP. STR markers mutate rapidly, at a rate of once every 20 generations. Fast mutating STR markers can be used to trace recent ancestry, within the past hundreds of years. SNP markers mutate very slowly, once every few thousand years. Slow mutating SNP markers can only trace deep ancestry from thousands of years ago, and do not provide any information on recent ancestral events.

Most scientific studies use STR markers

You need to test your STR markers if you want to dig deeper. Powerful family matching capabilities.

What is mtDNA sequencing & how does it differ from DNA SNP tests?

mtDNA is a circle of DNA which is 16,565 base pairs in length. mtDNA consists of 3 regions: HVR1 region, HVR2 region, and Coding region.

DNA SNP chip testing only samples small regions of the mtDNA. It cannot read the entire mtDNA sequence and many regions are missed. However, mtDNA Sanger Sequencing technology is capable of reading the entire region.

HVR1 and HVR2 contain the most ancestral information because these two regions have the most mutations. SNP chip testing is used in most basic ancestry tests and is not capable of detecting all of the mutations in the HVR1and HVR2 regions, but Sanger Sequencing can.

Most published scientific studies examine the HVR1 and HVR2 regions using Sanger Sequencing technology, so you will need your complete HVR1 and HVR2 data in order to join historical projects.

Test the Same Markers the Pros Use
Most basic ancestry tests in the market use DNA chips to detect only one type of marker, the SNP marker. We offer technologies which allow testing of more than just SNP, including Sanger Sequencing for reading the entire mtDNA sequence, as well as Fragment Analysis to detect Y-DNA STR and Autosomal STR markers which are widely used by professionals for forensic investigations.

https://archive.is/EjHbu#selection-599.0-603.379

https://i.ibb.co/tZWKnHv/markers-comparison.png
https://i.ibb.co/02MTzPh/5ad03038a6d...f984308fc1.png
https://archive.is/EjHbu/5ad03038a6d...f984308fc1.png

Did you descend from royalty?
Discover your ties to royalty and legendary figures. We offer the world’s most comprehensive database of historical projects. Compare yourself against royalty, world leaders, religious figures, forensic investigations and much more.

https://archive.is/EjHbu#selection-635.0-639.232

[VikLevaPatel]

What is the SNP? SNP (pronounced 'snip') refers to the term Single Nucleotide Polymorphism which is a variation in the DNA sequence that affects a single base (adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) in the genome sequence. These variations play a role in making us weaker or stronger in response to illnesses or in response to drugs, and as such, are the fundamental basis of our studies and the corner-stone of our Health Map.

What are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)? Single nucleotide polymorphisms, frequently called SNPs (pronounced “snips”), are the most common type of genetic variation among people. Each SNP represents a difference in a single DNA building block, called a nucleotide. For example, a SNP may replace the nucleotide cytosine (C) with the nucleotide thymine (T) in a certain stretch of DNA. SNPs occur normally throughout a person’s DNA. They occur almost once in every 1,000 nucleotides on average, which means there are roughly 4 to 5 million SNPs in a person's genome. These variations may be unique or occur in many individuals; scientists have found more than 100 million SNPs in populations around the world. Most commonly, these variations are found in the DNA between genes. They can act as biological markers, helping scientists locate genes that are associated with disease. When SNPs occur within a gene or in a regulatory region near a gene, they may play a more direct role in disease by affecting the gene’s function.

Genotyping/SNP testing: All major DNA testing companies perform genotyping or SNP testing — pronounced as 'snips'. In this method of DNA testing, samples are compared to a reference genome to look for specific SNPs; variations in our genetic code which affect physical traits like skin colour and hair texture. These are found in our autosomal DNA — the 22 out of 23 chromosome pairs unrelated to sex determination — and as certain variants are more likely to be present in some global populations than others, these can also be used as ancestry markers. Such variations are able to reveal ancestry from about ten generations back. We inherit 50% of our autosomal DNA from each parent, but this is randomly allocated, and explains why we’re usually not identical to our siblings. This also means that siblings may inherit different ancestry markers from each other, so although an Asian ancestry DNA test could show that your brother is 17% Asian, you could be just 6%.

What is genotyping? Genotyping is the process of determining the DNA sequence, called a genotype, at specific positions within the genome of an individual. Each species is defined by a distinct set of common characteristics, but even within a species, there are subtle differences among individuals. Though the differences are not drastic enough to be called out as a distinct species, individuals within a species that do have slightly different characteristics are called variants. Environmental and genetic differences are at the root of these visible or phenotypic changes. Since environmental changes are not heritable, most researchers are interested in studying the genetic variation that results in the physical differences. Genetic variation can be passed to the next generation, and can increase the fitness for species. Genotyping is the experimental procedure that identifies the differences in DNA sequence among individuals or populations. The genotype is used to understand the connection between genotypes and phenotypes. An individual genome is identified as a distinct variant when compared to a reference sequence, which is derived from the general population or a defined subgroup. A variant sequence can differ from the reference sequence in numerous ways. Types of genetic variation include single nucleotide variants (SNV), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions and deletions (indels), and copy number variation (CNV).

STRs vs. SNPs: thoughts on the future of forensic DNA testing. Largely due to technological progress coming from the Human Genome and International HapMap Projects, the issue has been raised in recent years within the forensic DNA typing community of the potential for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers as possible replacements of the currently used short tandem repeat (STR) loci.

The difference between unlocking your full genome and a SNP analysis. What is the difference between whole genome sequencing and SNP analysis? In short, full genome sequencing gives you all of the information of some three billion base pairs of DNA found in humans. Unlocking your full genome is very expensive. A SNP analysis, on the other hand, only looks at specific locations in DNA where relevant information can be gathered. This depends entirely on what you want to know - be it ancestry, paternity, disease risk or health and fitness. This is substantially more affordable for the everyday man on the street.

With WGS, GenePlanet can decode 100% of your DNA. Decoding 100% of your DNA means more analyses, the most in-depth interpretation of your genome, and even more knowledge as science progresses. With whole genome sequencing, you test once and benefit for life. The targeted approach is used by the majority of home DNA test providers on the market and analyses just a fraction of your genome – less than 1%. WGS maps 100% of your genome – coding and noncoding region (exons and introns).

[VikLevaPatel]

autosomal STR (auSTR) loci (IntelliGenetics)
D3S1358
D1S1656
D2S441
D10S1248
D13S317
Penta E
D16S539
D18S51
D2S1338
CSF1PO
Penta D
TH01
VWA
D21S11
D7S820
D5S818
TPOX
D8S1179
D12S391
D19S433
FGA
D22S1045
Amelogenin

The Heart of Silk Road “Xinjiang,” Its Genetic Portray, and Forensic Parameters Inferred From Autosomal STRs: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles...21.760760/full
Genetic polymorphism of 23 autosomal STR loci in Han population: https://search.bvsalud.org/gim/resource/en/wpr-880666
Variability of New STR Loci and Kits in US Population Groups: https://www.promega.com.au/resources...lation-groups/
Allele frequencies of 21 autosomal STR markers in a mixed race Peruvian population applied to forensic practice: https://www.elsevier.es/pt-revista-s...45424919300275
Population data for 23 autosomal STR loci in White British population: https://www.researchgate.net/publica...ish_population
Allele frequencies and forensic parameters of 22 autosomal STR loci in a population of 983 individuals from Serbia and comparison with 24 other populations
Genetic data for PowerPlex 21™ autosomal and PowerPlex 23 Y-STR™ loci from population of the state of Uttar Pradesh, India.
Population genetics data of 23 autosomal STR loci for three Populations in United Arab Emirates: https://research.bond.edu.au/en/publ...or-three-popul
Estimation of Allele and Haplotype Frequencies for 23 YSTR Markers in the Lebanese Population: https://medcraveonline.com/FRCIJ/est...opulation.html
Genetic polymorphisms and genetic relationship of 23 autosomal STR loci in Kazakh population of Xinjiang: http://journal11.magtechjournal.com/...019/V39/I2/157
Population genetics data for 22 autosomal STR loci in European, South Asian and African populations using SureID: https://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/id/eprint/39161/
autosomal str loci: Topics by WorldWideScience.org
Genetic variation of 23 autosomal STR loci in Korean population
Autosomal STR Markers and Interpretation - International ...

This article describes the observed variability of STR loci in 1036 unrelated (primarily male) samples from U.S. Caucasian, Hispanic, Asian and African American self-declared ancestries.

Autosomal STR markers are increasingly applied forensically, as genetic profiles in databases increase considerably in size. The exchange of genetic profiles is expected to expand in future between countries to genetically identify individuals who, due to globalisation, are migrating rapidly in order to commit crimes or disappear. As noted by the Research and Development Working Group of the National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence, STRs will probably be the markers of choice for the foreseeable future because of their widespread use in national DNA databases. Short tandem repeat (STR) refers to the core repeat formed by tandem connection with relatively constant 2 - 6 bases as repeat units, also known as satellite DNA, the most commonly used genetic marker in forensic physical evidence identification. Because STR typing technology has the characteristics such as high sensitivity, standardization and automatic typing, it has become the leading technology for forensic physical evidence identification. Millions of STR profiles are generated worldwide each year by government, university, and private laboratories performing various forms of human identity testing, including DNA databasing, forensic casework, missing persons/mass disaster victim identification, or parentage testing. Although the human genome contains thousands upon thousands of STR markers, only a small core set of loci have been selected for use in forensic DNA and human identity testing. Like using a single, common currency in a financial sense, core loci permit equivalent genetic information to be shared and compared. Due to the genetic feature of high diversity than other DNA markers, short tandem repeat (STR) plays key roles in forensic, anthropology, and population genetics. Newly introduced multiple STR kit is more valuable because of the greatly improved discriminatory power with the increase in the number of STR loci. The genetic polymorphic data are essential for the application and research in specific population. The results show that the 23 STR provided highly polymorphic information and forensic efficiency for forensic individual identification and paternity testing (Basic & Clinical Medicine ›› 2019, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (2): 157-164). The study of genetic diversity among different populations is useful in research of their origins, migrations and their relationships.

In our previous study, we established allelic frequency databases for 14 autosomal short tandem repeats (STRs) for four minority populations from XUARC (MCH, KGZ, MGL, and UZK) using the AmpFlSTR® Identifiler PCR Amplification Kit. In this study, we genotyped 2,121 samples using the GoldenEye™ 20A Kit (Beijing PeopleSpot Inc., Beijing, China) amplifying 19 autosomal STR loci for four major ethnic groups (UGR, HAN, KZK, and HUI). These groups make up 97.33% of the total XUARC population.

The Altai is a mountain range in Central and East Asia and stretches around Kazakhstan and Russia in the west while Xinjiang in the northwest China and Mongolia in the East. In ancient times, Europeans were settled on the western side and Asians on the eastern side of these mountains (Li et al., 2019). Later on, the region was used as a corridor by European and Asian populations. This corridor played an important role in the formation of new ethnic groups and diversity of populations today (Ovodov et al., 2011). The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) is the most diversified region in China, and it is the home of almost 50 ethnic groups. XUAR has played a vital role in the early ages because it was connecting not only the Altai mountain range corridor but also western Eurasia and eastern Eurasia (Esposito, 1999). It was also the main hub for the famous Silk Road, which linked trade between the Middle East, East Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, and Europe (Esposito, 1999). XUAR is divided into two basins, Dzungarian (North Basin) and Tarim (South Basin). Many ethnic groups, including the Uyghur (UGR), Kazakh (KZK), Hui (HUI), Han (HAN), Manchu (MCH), Mongols (MGL), Kirgiz (KGZ), and Uzbek (UZK) have lived there for hundreds of years (Millward, 2007).

Front. Genet., 17 December 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.760760

https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Ar...60760-t001.jpg

Comparison of allele frequencies among the Peruvian population under study and the Hispanic population:

Alleles 11, 12, and 17.3 are not present in the vWA marker for the Peruvian population, but are reported in the Hispanic population. The most frequent alleles are 16 and 17 in both populations; while the least frequent allele in the Peruvian population is 13, and the most frequent in the Hispanic population are alleles 11, 13 and 17.3.

In marker D3S1358, allele 11 is only found in the Peruvian population; while alleles 9, 12 and 13 are only found in the Hispanic population. The most frequent allele in both populations is 15, while the least frequent alleles in the Peruvian population are 11 and 19, and allele 9 in the Hispanic population.

Marker D10S1248 of the Peruvian population under study has allele 18, which the Hispanic population does not have, while the Peruvian population does not have alleles 8 and 9 that the Hispanic population does have. The most frequent allele in both populations is allele 14; while the least frequent alleles in the Peruvian population are alleles 10 and 18, and alleles 8, 9 and 10 in the Hispanic population.

Marker SE33 of the Peruvian population under study provides alleles 17.2, 19.2, 23 and 35.2, which the Hispanic population does not have, while the Hispanic population does not have alleles 12, 12.2, 13, 14.2, 15.2, 16.2, 16.3, 20.2, 23.2, 26, 33, 34, 34.2, or 37. The most frequent allele is allele 17 in the Peruvian population, and allele 18 in the Hispanic population. On the other hand, the least frequent alleles are 11.2, 13.2, 23 and 24 in the Peruvian population, and alleles 11.2, 13.2, 24, 31 in the Hispanic population.

Marker D2S1338 of the Peruvian population under study does not have alleles 26, 27 and 28 that the Hispanic population does have, the most frequent allele in the Peruvian population is 19, and in the Hispanic population it is 17; while the least frequent allele in the Peruvian population is 16 and in the Hispanic population, alleles 27 and 28.

[VikLevaPatel]

From around 4,000 to 2,000 BC the forest-steppe north-western Pontic region was occupied by people who shared a nomadic lifestyle, pastoral economy and barrow burial rituals. It has been shown that these groups, especially those associated with the Yamnaya culture, played an important role in shaping the gene pool of Bronze Age Europeans, which extends into present-day patterns of genetic variation in Europe.

Y-chromosomal DNA results - Google Haritalarım

DERSIM DNA PROJECT
https://www.familytreedna.com/group-...NA&code=W56863

https://www.familytreedna.com/groups...simiedna/about

Ancient mitochondrial genome data from the western Pontic region and, for the first time, from the south-eastern part of present day Poland, show close genetic affinities between populations associated with the eastern Corded Ware culture and the Yamnaya horizon. This indicates that females had also participated in the migration from the steppe. Furthermore, greater mtDNA differentiation between populations associated with the western Corded Ware culture and the Yamnaya horizon points to an increased contribution of individuals with a maternal Neolithic farmer ancestry with increasing geographic distance from the steppe region, forming the population associated with the western Corded Ware culture.

Narasimhan (2019) Y haplogroups reanalyzed with Y SNP calls

Narasimhan et al. (2019): A reanalysis of ancient Y-DNA haplogroups
from Central Asia, South Asia, the Steppe, and Europe

Y-SNP calls for Narasimhan (2019): https://indo-european.eu/miscellanea...ions-in-south/

There is evidence that people of the Oxus Civilization and the nomads of the Great Eurasian Steppe where in steady contact with one another throughout the Regionalization Era, which seems to have intensified c.2000 BC.

Oxus - pannous/hieros Wiki

Afanasievo were an early PIE 3300BC eneolithic steppe culture with ⋍100% haplogroup R1b.

The agricultural Oxus Civilization which peaked 2400-1900 BC had a different genetic setup:

E1b1a 1/18, E1b1b 1/18, G 2/18, J* 2/18, J1 1/18, J2 4/18, L 2/18, R* 1/18, R1b 1/18, R2 2/18, and T 1/18. Highly admixtured with ancient/'near east' populations (natufian:E1b1b semitic:J…).

Oxus Civilization ⋍ Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex BMAC
Marguš, the capital of which was Merv Mary/Gonur
Bactria > Box > Ox (⋍Bull) vs Taur

Bactria–Margiana material has been found at Susa. BMAC material is subsequently found further to the south in Iran, Afghanistan, Nepal, India and Pakistan, the subsequent movement of Indo-Iranian-speakers 'after they had adopted the culture of the BMAC'.

The male specimens belonged to haplogroup E1b1a (1/18), E1b1b (1/18), G (2/18), J* (2/18), J1 (1/18), J2 (4/18), L (2/18), R* (1/18), R1b (1/18), R2 (2/18), and T (1/18).

South Asian Groups with highest frequencies of Haplogroup E

Shia (India) 11%

Balochi (Pakistan) 8%

Baluchi (Afghanistan) 7.7%

Uzbek (Afghanistan) 5.9%

Hazara (Afghanistan) 5%

Gujarat Brahmins (India) 3.33%

https://archive.ph/MZ4HF#selection-1017.0-1043.30

Indo-Aryan speakers probably formed the vanguard of the movement into south-central Asia and many of the BMAC loanwords which entered Iranian may have been mediated through Indo-Aryan. The male specimens of BMAC skeletons from the Bronze Age sites of Bustan, Dzharkutan, Gonur Tepe, and Sapalli Tepe have shown to belong to haplogroup E1b1a (1/18), E1b1b (1/18), G (2/18), J* (2/18), J1 (1/18), J2 (4/18), L (2/18), R* (1/18), R1b (1/18), R2 (2/18), and T (1/18). A follow-up study by Narasimhan (2019) suggested the primary BMAC population largely derived from preceding local Copper Age peoples who were in turn related to prehistoric farmers from the Iranian plateau and to a lesser extent early Anatolian farmers and hunter-gatherers from Western Siberia, and they did not contribute substantially to later populations further south in the Indus Valley.

Afanasevo people might be the precursors of the Tocharian branch of Indo-European languages. In 2014, Clément Hollard of Strasbourg University tested three Y-DNA samples from the Afanasevo culture and all three turned out to belong to haplogroup R1b, including two to R1b-M269. The R1b people who stayed in the Volga-Ural region were probably the initiators of the Poltavka culture (2700-2100 BCE), then became integrated into the R1a-dominant Sintashta-Petrovka culture (2100-1750 BCE) linked to the Indo-Aryan conquest of Central and South Asia. Nowadays in Russia R1b is found at higher frequencies among ethnic minorities of the Volga-Ural region (Udmurts, Komi, Mordvins, Tatars) than among Slavic Russians. R1b is also present in many Central Asian populations, the highest percentages being observed among the Uyghurs (20%) of Xinjiang in north-west China, the Yaghnobi people of Tajikistan (32%), and the Bashkirs (47%, or 62.5% in the Abzelilovsky district) of Bashkortostan in Russia (border of Kazakhstan). R1b-M73, found primarily in North Asia (Altai, Mongolia), Central Asia and the North Caucasus is thought to have spread during the Neolithic from the Middle East to Central and North Asia, and therefore can be considered to be pre-Indo-European.

https://archive.ph/1ugYZ#selection-5173.0-5189.245

The Indo-Europeans’s bronze weapons and the extra mobility provided by horses would have given them a tremendous advantage over the autochthonous inhabitants of Europe, namely the native haplogroup C1a2, F and I (descendants of Cro-Magnon) and the early Neolithic herders and farmers (G2a, H2, E1b1b and T1a). This allowed R1a and R1b to replace most of the native male lineage,although female lineages seem to have been less affected. A comparison with the Indo-Iranian invasion of South Asia shows that 40% of the male linages of northern India are R1a, but less than 10% of the female lineages could be of Indo-European origin.

https://archive.ph/1ugYZ#selection-5193.0-5197.320

Juras, A., Chyleński, M., Ehler, E. et al. Mitochondrial genomes reveal an east to west cline of steppe ancestry in Corded Ware populations. Sci Rep 8, 11603 (2018).
Ancient Mitochondrial Genomes Reveal Extensive Genetic Influence of the Steppe Pastoralists in Western Xinjiang
Frequencies of Y-chromosomal haplogroups in Kazakh clans of the Senior Zhuz (From: The medieval Mongolian roots of Y-chromosomal lineages from South Kazakhstan)
Genetic Continuity of Bronze Age Ancestry with Increased Steppe-Related Ancestry in Late Iron Age Uzbekistan
Shifts in the Genetic Landscape of the Western Eurasian Steppe Associated with the Beginning and End of the Scythian Dominance
The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia
Post-last glacial maximum expansion of Y-chromosome haplogroup C2a-L1373 in northern Asia and its implications for the origin of Native Americans
Genetic Relationship Among the Kazakh People Based on Y-STR Markers Reveals Evidence of Genetic Variation Among Tribes and Zhuz
The Spread of Steppe and Iranian Related Ancestry in the
Islands of the Western Mediterranean
Ancient Genomes Reveal Yamnaya-Related Ancestry and a Potential Source of Indo-European Speakers in Iron Age Tianshan
Maternal genetic link of a south Dravidian tribe with native Iranians indicating bidirectional migration
Fitness and Power: The Contribution of Genetics to the History of Differential Reproduction
The FORCE Panel: An All-in-One SNP Marker Set for Confirming Investigative Genetic Genealogy Leads and for General Forensic Applications

Recent archaeogenetic studies showed that the expansion of western steppe herders (WSHs) had a marked impact on the demographic, cultural, social and linguistic development since the third millennium BCE on the Eurasian continent (Allentoft et al., 2015; Haak et al., 2015; Damgaard et al., 2018a; Jeong et al., 2018, 2020; Narasimhan et al., 2019; Wang C. C. et al., 2021). One of the earliest representatives, known as the Yamnaya culture (ca. 3,300–2,700 BCE) from the Pontic–Caspian steppe migrated into Europe and Asia, bringing with them metallurgy, animal herding skills, and possibly the Indo-European languages (Frachetti, 2009; Allentoft et al., 2015; Haak et al., 2015). By the middle and late Bronze Age, the Sintashta culture (ca. 2,200–1,800 BCE) arose near the Urals and succeeded a majority of ancestry from the preceding Yamnaya culture. It carried a similar genetic profile with the Srubnaya and the Andronovo cultures that spread over a large part of the Eurasia landmass, extending westward into Europe, southward into Central Asia and the India subcontinent, and eastward into the Mongolian Plateau (Allentoft et al., 2015; Haak et al., 2015; Damgaard et al., 2018b; Narasimhan et al., 2019; Jeong et al., 2020; Wang C. C. et al., 2021). A number of studies provided the evidence that the steppe cultures from western Eurasia had also integrated into the early Bronze Age cultures of western China.

https://archive.ph/VjfMg#selection-1431.0-1495.163

[VikLevaPatel]

YSEQ-Alpha-Beta and iGENEA use the same markers although the orders are different. iGENEA uses the "FTDNA Order."

iGENEA Y-DNA certificate: https://archive.ph/OQvwx/9d3034ff61a...68469db0b3.jpg, https://archive.ph/dlZcY

YSEQ-Alpha-Beta [Alpha-Beta]: α) DYS391, DYS389I, DYS437, DYS439, DYS389II, DYS438, DYS426, DYS393, YCAII, DYS390, DYS385, Y-GATA-H4, DYS388, DYS447, DYS19, and DYS392. β) DYS458, DYS455, DYS454, DYS464, DYS448, DYS449, DYS456, DYS576, CDY, DYS460, DYS459, DYS570, DYS607, and DYS442.

iGENEA DYS# 393, 390, 19, 391, 385, 426, 388, 439, 389I, 392, 389II, 458, 459, 455, 454, 447, 437, 448, 449, 464, 460, Y-GATA-H4, YCAII, 456, 607, 576, 570, CDY, 442, 438.

I might potentially belong to the J Haplogroup (specifically J1) as well. (I Doubt It). We'll see.

FTDNA gives me a value of "10" for Y-GATA-H4 whereas both Roots for Real (UK) and IntelliGenetics (based in Atlanta-Georgia) give me a value of "11'" for the same Marker.

Whit Athey's Haplogroup Predictor: http://www.hprg.com/hapest5/

21-Haplogroup Program:

FTDNA Order: https://i.ibb.co/mhjZ0Vh/21ftdna.png

E1b1b (Haplogroup), 19 (Fitness score), 1.7 Probability (%)
J1 (Haplogroup), 22 (Fitness score), 98.3 Probability (%)

Numeric Order: https://i.ibb.co/9t0pHRc/numericorder.png

E1b1b: 19 (Fitness score), 1.7 Probability (%)
J1: 22 (Fitness score), 98.3 Probability (%)

Main 111-Marker Program:

FTDNA Order: (E1b1b Probability 85.2% Equal priors) https://i.ibb.co/gZwQSQH/ftdnafull.png

Talk about the "broken" male lineage!

Markers 393-455 (FTDNA Order): Equal priors J2a1 (86.3%), J1 (7.1%), I2a (4.6%), https://i.ibb.co/f0NyxVK/455.png
Markers 393-447 (FTDNA Order): Northwest Europe J2a1 (63.0%), E1b1b (27.5%), https://i.ibb.co/zSXLjJP/447.png
Add The Next Marker (437): Northwest Europe E1b1b (60.7%), J2a1 (27.0%), I2a (4.2%).
393-448 (Equal priors): J2a1 (42.5%), E1b1b (27.6%), J1 (24.9%), I2a (4.9%), https://i.ibb.co/58Zp8QF/448.png
Add The Next Marker, 449 (393-449): Equal priors J1 (99.8%), https://i.ibb.co/CwKNTf2/449.png

[Sasimoyhui]

Lmao. You’re not E1b or J.