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de onde vc tirou essa lenda? dom joao nao tem nada a ver com a independencia do brasil o maior arquiteto dela foi José Bonifácio de Andrada e SilvaOriginally Posted by solarisregvm
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"Tome para si esta coroa antes que algum aventureiro o faça!" - teria sido a frase quem Sua Majestade Fidelíssima mandara a seu filho, o príncipe regente Dom Pedro I (IV de Portugal), simbolizando os laços que se desejavam manter, a despeito de uns poucos precipitados no Porto. Uma ruptura que mais pareceu um acordo familiar para evitar um mal maior, e assim, da ruptura, percebe-se nascer um mar de continuidades. Aí, depois da independência, continua a reinar a casa de Bragança, com Dom Pedro I e seu filho, Dom Pedro II, e teríamos tido Dona Isabel I não fosse - por ironia do destino - uma nova horda de francófilos precipitados, a derrubar atrapalhadamente o Império e estabelecer um república autoritária.
Vemos na bandeira, o verde da casa de Bragança, a cruz da Ordem de Cristo, herdeira das tradições gloriosas dos cruzados, a esfera armilar símbolo do Império Português, um Estado confessional, uma aristocracia pujante e com muitos laços com a antiga metrópole. Vemos um reconhecimento da independência negociado e indenizado, uma carta constitucional baseada nos mesmos princípios e com o mesmo legislador. As continuidades são tamanhas e tantas, que não seria estranho perguntar: Houve mesmo ruptura? O hino nacional brasileiro tinha já após 1831 trechos melódicos extraídos do Hino Patriótico, antigo hino de Portugal.
Os escritos de José Bonifácio não permitem dúvidas: o que estava em causa era que parte do Império português deveria ser sede da Monarquia, não uma identidade nacional brasileira incompatível com a que era de todos os brasileiros de então: a lusíada, ou portuguesa. Compreendê-lo é perceber que o Brasil não se fez contra a sua raiz portuguesa, mas como um Portugal maior e americano que a política distanciou do seu irmão europeu. E compreender isto é também compreender qual é a essência da alma brasileira. ️
Tudo o que você considera ser símbolo nacional brasileiro é símbolo nacional português. A portugalidade é a essência da alma brasileira. É evidente, posto isso, que o Brasil desenvolveu uma identidade própria que conta com os contributos mais diversos - essa identidade é bela, é preciosa e deve ser acarinhada. Mas a sua base é, obviamente, a cultura nativa do Brasil, ou seja, a cultura da sua fundação: a portuguesa. Quem não compreender isto não pode ser patriota brasileiro, pois para si o Brasil não poderá ser mais que uma abstracção.
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Sim
Zueira é um antigo membro chamado Lisarb, que era conhecido por ter um intelecto baixo.
A área conquistada foi essa região, toda região leste do Rio Grande do Sul já era português, após a expulsão dos espanhóis essa região conquistada foi repovoada com casais açorianos, luso-brasileiros do Rio Grande do Sul, e brasileiros de outras parte do Brasil, que em sua maioria eram de São Paulo.Dom João VI and the Conquest of Rio Grande do Sul.
In 1801, during the so-called War of the Oranges, Portugal was invaded by Spanish forces (Napoleon's allies) on May 20, 1801. It was a short-lived war that ended on June 6 of that year with the loss of territory (Olivença) from Portugal.
In Brazil, the war became known as the War of 1801 and for Dom João VI, it allowed the expansion of borders in Rio Grande do Sul. Under the leadership of Manuel dos Santos Pedroso, a gaúcho soldier, son of a Guarani Indian, the Portuguese managed to gain support of the Guaranis and sought combat with the Spaniards in São Miguel das Missões, which surrendered in a few days, having its Spanish garrisons liberated.
Then the villages of São João and Santo Ângelo surrendered. The next step was to conquer São Lourenço, São Luís and São Nicolau, which were already being abandoned by the local population.
The Spanish commander was arrested trying to mobilize a troop near São Luís and was driven back to São Miguel. A commission of Guarani Indians from São Borja, the last unconquered mission, took the Spanish administrator captive and promised allegiance to the Portuguese, being the most important the fort of Santa Tecla, in Bagé. Rio Grande do Sul had finally expanded its territory by a third.
Source: Historia general de las antiguas colonias hispano-americanas desde su descubrimiento hasta el año mil ochocientos ocho, Volumen 1. pp. 377. Autor: Miguel Lobo y Malagamba. Editor: M. Guijarro, 1875. Bicentenário da guerra de 1801 no Rio Grande do Sul e da Conquista. Autor: Claudio Bento. 2006
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jose bonifacio ja estava arquitetando muito mais antes de qualquer coisa que o rei de portugal possa ter dito qualquer historiador brasileiro confirma isso
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BRASIL. Nada melhor que conhecer os fatos --- e as pessoas efetivamente envolvidas --- ao redor da "Independência" política - que jamais foi cultural, sentimental ou civilizacional - do Brasil, em 7.9.1822, por um dos seus pesquisadores e autores contemporâneos, qual seja o Prof. Paulo Rezzutti.
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Big Lies of Our Past: Obviously, the Cortes of 1822 Didn't Want to "Recolonize" Brazil
A lie that is often repeated, even by Portuguese or Brazilians, is that the Cortes of 1822 forced Brazilian independence because they intended to subject Brazil to Lisbon or even to "recolonize" the country. Brazil was, remembering, a kingdom between kingdoms of the Portuguese monarchy since 1815, when it was elevated to that status. It had previously been a State and, therefore, an integral but autonomous part of the Kingdom of Portugal. As a kingdom in its own right, Brazil housed the capital of the Portuguese empire and developed the institutions that would allow it to play the role of seat of the empire for fourteen years.
The elevation of Brazil to kingdom, a natural corollary of the recentralization of the imperial administration in Rio de Janeiro, did not, however, correspond to formal autonomy. King Dom João VI never granted it; the amendment of 1815, therefore, was not really constitutional or legal, but solely of dignity and aimed at the recognition of the centrality that Brazil had come to have, in economic power and as a center of power, within the Portuguese empire. Politically, the Kingdom of Brazil, unlike the abolished State, came to be under the direct rule of the King, and it could even be argued that the Johannine innovations diminished, at least in form, its degree of autonomy. It was in fact, not by right, and much more by the presence of the King in Rio de Janeiro than by the promotion of Brazil to Kingdom, that Rio de Janeiro saw its influence over the government of the empire greatly strengthened. What happened from 1808 onwards, therefore, was the "Brazilianization" of the strategy and political direction of the Portuguese State, now commanded by America, not the autonomy of Brazil.
The liberal revolution of 1820, which began in Porto and soon spread to the rest of European Portugal, was certainly harmful to Brazilian interests. Among other demands, the revolutionaries imposed on King Dom João VI his immediate return to Lisbon, which the monarch for good reason had rejected since 1815; they also forced him to convene a "General and Extraordinary Courts of the Portuguese Nation", to swear the "basis" of the constitution to discuss in courts and the revocation of the royal decree that had allowed the opening of Brazilian ports to international trade. These measures would certainly produce serious damage to Brazil, which would once again find itself economically dependent on its European brother and stripped of the dignity of seat of the empire. But it is a serious abuse to impute to Portuguese liberals - and in these liberals, it must be mentioned and reiterated, the author of these lines sees the main causes of the collapse of the Portuguese-Brazilian monarchy and, therefore, of the independence of Brazil - the intention of making the Brazil as a colony of Portugal, that is, to politically subject Rio to Lisbon. Its project, although harmful to the interests of Brazil and to the cause of unity and solidarity between the Portuguese and Brazilian parts of the empire, was that of a unified and centralized Luso-Brazilian State in which Luso-Europeans and Luso-Americans enjoyed perfect equality. Thus, the Constitution of 1822, the first modern constitutional text of Portugal and Brazil, preserved the dignity of Brazil as a Kingdom and defined the Portuguese nation as "the union of all Portuguese from both hemispheres" (Article 20), established citizenship for all Portuguese other than slaves (Article 21) and created an elected parliament, the Cortes (Article 32). This parliament would have its deputies distributed at the rate of one representative for every thirty thousand citizens, metropolitan or overseas (Article 38). According to the Constitution of 1822, Brazil was not only an integral territory of the United Kingdom, but also maintained a Kingdom and elected its representatives to the main government body, the Cortes, on an equal footing. The 1822 Constitution itself, in fact, was drafted with the participation of Brazilian deputies, with 97 Brazilians participating in the General Courts that adopted it.
Contrary, therefore, to the interests of Brazil - which had been, until the Revolution of 1820, and since 1808, the head of Portugal's pluricontinental monarchy - and to the enlightened will of King Dom João, the Constitution in no way subjected Brazil to a position of inferiority. On the contrary, it was an equal part of a centralized Portuguese State ruled from Lisbon. The new regime would thus be egalitarian - its practical inconvenience, immediately detected by the King, did not result from any "recolonization", but from the fact that the document did not recognize the profound changes that had taken place within the Portuguese-Brazilian monarchy. The changes were the natural and unstoppable rise of Brazil to the heart and head of the empire; that is, the evidence that Brazil would become richer and more populated than the Portuguese metropolis, with its tiny land could be. This unstoppable tendency was understood by Dom João VI, who seemed to want, as Father António Vieira, Dom Luís da Cunha, the Marquis of Pombal or the Count of Palmela had suggested before, for Brazil to become the new seat of Portuguese power. This would have been, of course, the safest way to maintain Luso-Brazilian unity, after all, a natural thing as Brazil and Portugal are unity of blood, culture, language, religion and history. It is deeply regrettable - and, without a doubt, one of the great tragedies of our history - that the blindness of politicians has imposed itself on the breadth of vision of King Dom João VI. That had not been the case, and perhaps there would still be a great Portuguese nation centered on Brazil and politically unified.
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Remembering Prince Henry, 628 years after his birth.
Prince Henry was born on March 4, 1394, in the city of Porto, being the fifth child of King D. João I of Portugal and his wife Dona Philippa of Lancaster.
Henry had the Bishop of Viseu as his godfather and little is written about his childhood.
A member of the Illustrous Generation, composed by him and his brothers, he is considered the great driver of the Portuguese Discoveries. The Infante would have begun to deserve this title after encouraging his father to leave for the conquest of Ceuta, from 1414. This wish was fulfilled in August 1415, when Henry was knighted and received the titles of Lord of Covilhã and Duke of Viseu.
In 1418, he would return to Ceuta to help the city, which was under an attack orchestrated by the combined forces of the kings of Fez and Granada. After succeeding in such an undertaking, being able to lift the siege, he returned to Portugal in early 1419.
Prince Henry would settle in the Algarve, being, on May 25, 1420, appointed Governor of the Order of Christ, a position he held until his death. This position proved to be of great importance because it provided the Infante with the necessary means and financial resources to pursue his desire for maritime expansion. Since he took over the Order, the sails of the Portuguese Armada began to bear the Cross of Christ.
Determined to launch the Portuguese Discoveries, he began to order a series of explorations to the south, determined to pass Cape Bojador. To achieve such a feat, considered by many to be impossible, Prince henry set up an Armada, whose captaincy he entrusted to Gil Eanes, who left in 1433, returning without success. Under the orders of the Infante, he re-embarked in 1434, this time being able to bend the much-feared cape. The navigations continued, at the Infante's wish, with the captains having direct orders to record in detail everything they discovered.
Under his orders, Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia discovered the Rio do Ouro in 1436 and continued to sail south, reaching Pedra da Galé. Nuno Tristão discovered Cabo Branco in 1441, in 1443 the island of Arguim and in 1445 he visited the coast of Senegambia, reaching Palmar. Diniz Dias doubled Cape Verde, João Fernandes became the first European to explore the interior of the African continent as far as Taguor and in the following year, 1446, Álvaro Fernandes would discover Sierra Leone. In 1457, the Venetian Luís de Cadamosto and the Genoese António Nola, in the service of the Infante, discovered Gambia and in 1460 Diogo Gomes discovered the Cape Verde archipelago.
A dedicated student of mathematics and cosmography, he applied the astrolabe to navigation and invented flat charts. His fame and glory attracted men from all over Europe, eager to assert their greatness at the Infante's orders.
Despite never having, with the exception of the expeditions in North Africa, sailed on the waves of the Ocean, he acquired the nickname of “Navigator”, for having been the great promoter of the oceanic conquest. Father of the Discoveries, he made possible the progress of civilization, the in-depth knowledge of the world and the first true globalization.
Having left the world a famous legacy and the Motherland a sublime legacy, it is up to the good patriot to remember it.
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Discover our Roman cities
People of conquerors, colonizers and civilizers, the Romans created the foundations of urban life in the territory where Portugal exists today - both in the then province of Galécia and in Lusitania - replacing pre-existing villages in cities of varying magnitude, or founding new villages from scratch.
Bracara Augusta (Braga), Portus Cale (Porto), Aeminium and Conímbriga (Coimbra), Scallabis (Santarém), Olisipo Felicitas Iulia (Lisbon), Ebora (Évora), Pax Iulia (Beja) and Ossónoba (Faro) will be just the most relevant, although from N to S, both inland and along the coastline, there are hundreds of villages that have resisted over the millennia, demographic movements and cycles of wealth and poverty.
A lively discussion about the origin of the Roman Urbs persists among historians of urbanism, especially among historians of the classical period, but everyone tends to accept the thesis according to which the Roman colonies did not have the well-known quadrangular format and orthogonal layout inspired by the military camps of the legions, but they followed the principles of an urban model invented in the 5th century BC by the architect Hippodamus of Miletus and then passed to the Italian peninsula by the colonies of the so-called Magna Graecia that inspired them to the Etruscans and, later, through them, to the Romans.
As in the hypodamic city, the place of worship (Acropolis) occupies the highest point of the Polis, in the Roman city the Capitoline, where the temple of the Capitoline triad (Jupiter, Juno and Minerva) is located, stands out from the city as a whole. Examples of this prestigious choice can be found in Évora, where the wrongly called "Temple of Diana" is located at the highest point in the city, or in Beja, where the temple, a remarkable discovery from the 90s and future Roman museum by Pax Julia, is located in the N of the city, not far from the keep of the medieval castle, that is, the highest level, and from Praça da República, where the Town Hall is located. The Capitoline complex also included the Forum, a symbol of political and judicial power, situated on a lower level, but always remembering the articulation between institutions and religion. The subsequent history of each Portuguese city founded or renovated during the seven Roman centuries of Portuguese history clearly indicates that the symbolic hierarchy was maintained. In Beja, the Sé occupies a top place near the castle, and in Évora, the temple dedicated to the imperial cult is located close to the city's cathedral.
Photo: the recently discovered Beja temple, the largest in the southwestern peninsular.
To know more:
Jorge Alarcão - The Roman Dominion in Portugal. Mem Martins: Europe-America, 1995.
Pierre Grimal - The Roman Cities. Lisbon: Editions 70, 2003.
Bonus:
Uma aula da Professora Maria da Conceição Lopes, a grande especialista em Pax Iulia.
Largest Roman Baths in Europe in Chaves, ex-Acquae Flaviae:
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“Ferreirinha”, the successful businesswoman who was also a mother to the most needy
Born in Godim, Peso da Régua, on July 4, 1811, into a wealthy family linked to the cult of the vineyard, D. Antónia Adelaide Ferreira, better known as “Ferreirinha”, was one of the most successful Portuguese businesswomen ever.
D. Antónia would become a widow at the age of 33, later showing a vocation to be an entrepreneur. In this way, she would lead Casa Ferreira, founded by his grandfather, Bernardo Ferreira, having developed large vineyards, built warehouses, employed a large number of people as labor and expanded the family business, by acquiring other farms, such as those in Aciprestes, Porto and Mileu and even founded some, such as Vale Meão. In this way, she became a renowned figure in the production and trade of Port Wine.
“Ferreirinha” would become known for the enormous concern and affection with which she treated the families of workers on her lands and wineries, having also fought incessantly against the lack of support for national producers by successive governments, which were more interested in purchasing spanish wines.
Marshal Duke of Saldanha, João Carlos de Saldanha Oliveira e Daun, one of the most influential men in the country, had intentions of getting his son married to Maria de Assunção, daughter of “Ferreirinha”, and her mother refused the proposal. D. Antónia would travel to London, where she would end up marrying again, this time with José da Silva Torres, one of the directors of her company.
After returning to Portugal, she would survive in 1861 the shipwreck of the boat she was on, in the area of Cachão da Valeira, which would victimize one of her closest friends, the Baron of Forrester.
In 1868, the large amount of wine produced would lead to a saturation of the market, with winegrowers facing productions that they were not able to sell. D. Antónia would then buy a large amount of the wine produced at low prices, being able to simultaneously help producers in difficulties and acquire large reserves of the product for the future. Two years later, the phylloxera plague would destroy a large part of the production, causing many producers to have no wine to sell, thus D. Antónia was able to recover the investment and increase her fortune.
In an attempt to keep the Douro farms in Portuguese hands and not be acquired by English businessmen, “Ferreirinha” would acquire a large number of farms, later returning them at a symbolic price or, in some cases, , without any retribution, to the former owners.
When, in 1880, she became a widow for the second time, D. Antónia became even more involved in works as a benefactor, having supported the construction of hospitals in Vila Real, Régua, Moncorvo and Lamego, as well as other asylums, fire brigades and Misericórdias.
D. Antónia Adelaide Ferreira, the eternal “Ferreirinha”, stood out throughout her life as a successful, intelligent, hardworking and respected businesswoman, but always without forgetting her human side and solidarity with the most needy. When she died, on March 26, 1896, at the age of 84, the newspaper “Primeiro de Janeiro” would write that had left the “mother of the poor, as the common people called her in their simple language”.
The Royal Family, the Apostolic Nuncio and several other high entities would pay her due homage, and her funeral procession was accompanied by 95 priests and thousands of people who accompanied her body to the Régua cemetery. The Porto newspapers reported that people knelt as the coffin that contained “Ferreirinha” passed, in a “last tribute of their respect to the most noble lady who was the loving mother of so many afflicted unfortunates”.
Beautiful fiction series based on the life of D. Antónia Ferreira, aka "Ferreirinha":
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The Slavic ancestors of the Portuguese: the Saqaliba
In the history of Al-Andalus, which began with the arrival of Tariq in the Iberian Peninsula, in 711, and ended with the fall of Granada, in 1492 - a world to which I will opportunely dedicate some texts in this portal - the rich ethnic, cultural and religious diversity, social and political demands that I refuse to reduce these seven centuries to a long clash between followers of the Koran and the Bible, “Christians” and “Moors” or to the relentless struggle between West and East. The schematism offered by such an approach not only falsifies, but also prevents the understanding of the genesis and maturation of the peninsular medievality, of the singularity of the westernmost region of the Old Continent, as well as the remarkable differences that separate us from Trans-Pyrenean Europe.
A puzzle of distinct social organizations, coexisting and in dynamic interaction with the political history of the peninsular as a whole, “Al-Andalus” included Arab elite and Berber populations, Celtiberians, Hispanic-Goths and Hispanic-Roman, Jews, Christians converted to the Islamic faith, Arabized Christians and Muslims converted to the Christianity, each holding a different legal status.
In this multicolored blanket, a social group specialized in palace tasks and in the art of war deserves to be highlighted: the Saqaliba, or Slavic slaves. The first signs of its integration into Andalus date back to the end of the 8th century, when the Umayyad dynasty was established. Captured in Eastern Europe and brought to the peninsula by Jewish traders, Slavic slaves came from present-day Poland, but also from Bulgaria and the shores of the Black Sea. Used as servants in the palace – in the kitchens and in the stables – some were emasculated and destined to guard the harem; still others became the backbone of the emir's guard.
On the occasion of the foundation of the Caliphate of Cordoba by Abd al-Rahman III, in 929, and since the Caliph had to remove from the sphere of power the influential Arab aristocracy that could vie for power, the Saqaliba came to hold an important political power and unchallenged influence in the palatial life. During the 10th century and until the dissolution of the Caliphate (1031), they were procurators, inspectors and delegates of the Caliph, treasurers, librarians, notaries, spies, informers and police. Such proximity to power provided them with large incomes and an extensive clientele network that constituted a true State within the State.
Already fully Islamized and Arabized at the time of the dissolution of the caliphate, they were able to emerge as energetic regional leaders. Of the twenty-five Taifas resulting from the dismantling of the Caliphate, six of these small Muslim kingdoms belonged to Slavic families: Tortosa, Valencia, Denia, Murcia and Almeria – on the Mediterranean coast – and the Kingdom of Badajoz, which stretched between the Douro and the Algarvian mountains. Numerous and cohesive – in Cordoba alone there were around 12,000 around the year 1000 – these Slavic Muslims maintained impressive regional influence until they were destroyed by the Almoravid invasion at the end of the 11th century.
When we travel through the south-portuguese Alentejo region, we often come across population centers where characteristics that are strange to the brunette and dark-eyed populations predominant in the Mediterranean. These blond or auburn-haired populations are the descendants of the Saqaliba.
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