Bloodletting in psychiatry:

[JamesBond007]

Psychiatrist Ronald Pies, Editor-in-Chief Emeritus of the Psychiatric Times. Pies stated: “In truth, the ‘chemical imbalance’ notion was always a kind of urban legend—never a theory seriously propounded by well-informed psychiatrists."

". Following the observation that psychiatric drugs act on neurotransmitter systems, which was first documented in the 1960s, it started to be proposed that an abnormality in these systems might be the cause of psychiatric disorders. The best-known example of this way of thinking is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. The idea that depression is caused by a deficiency of serotonin or noradrenalin is another example, sometimes referred to as the ‘monoamine theory’ of depression (serotonin and noradrenalin are both classified as monoamine-type neurotransmitters). Although scientists acknowledge that these are merely theories, which are far from being proven, there is a widespread public perception that the biochemical origins of various psychiatric disorders have been established." -- English Psychiatrist Joanna Moncrieff

[JamesBond007]

Let us be real the masses are mentally retarded sheeple who respect professionals of all kind including psychiatrists. The retarded sheeple are unaware that they do what they do not for love of the thing itself but for the money they make by it .

BRB I am psychiatrist who is being taken out golfing by big pharma representatives.

[JamesBond007]

Let us be real the masses are mentally retarded sheeple who respect professionals of all kind including psychiatrists. The retarded sheeple are unaware that they do what they do not for love of the thing itself but for the money they make by it .

BRB I am psychiatrist who is being taken out golfing by big pharma representatives.

Doctors ain't shit especially psychiatrists because psychiatry is a black art and con game :

"The more limited his [a man's] capacity and knowledge, the greater is the number of the authorities who weigh with him. But if his[ a man's] capacity and knowledge are of a high order, there are very few; indeed, hardly any at all. He may, perhaps, admit the authority of professional men versed in a science or an art or a handicraft of which he knows little or nothing; but even so he will regard it with suspicion. Contrarily, ordinary folk have a deep respect for professional men of every kind. They are unaware that a man who makes a profession of a thing loves it not for the thing itself, but for the money he makes by it; or that it is rare for a man who teaches to know his subject thoroughly; for if he studies it as he ought, he has in most cases no time left in which to teach it. But there are very many authorities who find respect with the mob..." --Arthur Schopenhauer

Philosophers --> Doctors

[JamesBond007]

Psychiatrist Ronald Pies, Editor-in-Chief Emeritus of the Psychiatric Times. Pies stated: “In truth, the ‘chemical imbalance’ notion was always a kind of urban legend—never a theory seriously propounded by well-informed psychiatrists."

". Following the observation that psychiatric drugs act on neurotransmitter systems, which was first documented in the 1960s, it started to be proposed that an abnormality in these systems might be the cause of psychiatric disorders. The best-known example of this way of thinking is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. The idea that depression is caused by a deficiency of serotonin or noradrenalin is another example, sometimes referred to as the ‘monoamine theory’ of depression (serotonin and noradrenalin are both classified as monoamine-type neurotransmitters). Although scientists acknowledge that these are merely theories, which are far from being proven, there is a widespread public perception that the biochemical origins of various psychiatric disorders have been established." -- English Psychiatrist Joanna Moncrieff

Introduction

The idea that depression is the result of abnormalities in brain chemicals, particularly serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT), has been influential for decades, and provides an important justification for the use of antidepressants. A link between lowered serotonin and depression was first suggested in the 1960s [1], and widely publicised from the 1990s with the advent of the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants [2,3,4]. Although it has been questioned more recently [5, 6], the serotonin theory of depression remains influential, with principal English language textbooks still giving it qualified support [7, 8], leading researchers endorsing it [9,10,11], and much empirical research based on it [11,12,13,14]. Surveys suggest that 80% or more of the general public now believe it is established that depression is caused by a ‘chemical imbalance’ [15, 16]. Many general practitioners also subscribe to this view [17] and popular websites commonly cite the theory [18].

It is often assumed that the effects of antidepressants demonstrate that depression must be at least partially caused by a brain-based chemical abnormality, and that the apparent efficacy of SSRIs shows that serotonin is implicated. Other explanations for the effects of antidepressants have been put forward, however, including the idea that they work via an amplified placebo effect or through their ability to restrict or blunt emotions in general [19, 20].

Despite the fact that the serotonin theory of depression has been so influential, no comprehensive review has yet synthesised the relevant evidence. We conducted an ‘umbrella’ review of the principal areas of relevant research, following the model of a similar review examining prospective biomarkers of major depressive disorder [21]. We sought to establish whether the current evidence supports a role for serotonin in the aetiology of depression, and specifically whether depression is associated with indications of lowered serotonin concentrations or activity


The serotonin theory of depression: a systematic umbrella review of the evidence


https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-022-01661-0