1
"Baker, L. A., Jacobson, K. C., Raine, A., Lozano, D. I., & Bezdjian, S. (2007). Genetic and environmental bases of childhood antisocial behavior: a multi-informant twin study. Journal of abnormal psychology, 116(2), 219."
"Genetic and environmental influences on childhood antisocial and aggressive behavior (ASB) during childhood were examined in 9- to 10-year-old twins, using a multi-informant approach. The sample (605 families of twins or triplets) was socioeconomically and ethnically diverse, representative of the culturally diverse urban population in Southern California. Measures of ASB included symptom counts for conduct disorder, ratings of aggression, delinquency, and psychopathic traits obtained through child self-reports, teacher, and caregiver ratings. Multivariate analysis revealed a common ASB factor across informants that was strongly heritable (heritability was .96), highlighting the importance of a broad, general measure obtained from multiple sources as a plausible construct for future investigations of specific genetic mechanisms in ASB. The best fitting multivariate model required informant-specific genetic, environmental, and rater effects for variation in observed ASB measures. The results suggest that parent, children, and teachers have only a partly “shared view” and that the additional factors that influence the “rater-specific” view of the child’s antisocial behavior vary for different informants. This is the first study to demonstrate strong heritable effects on ASB in ethnically and economically diverse samples."
Consider that measurement error is always a problem even with the most precise measurements (this study has the best measurements) and increase the unshared environmental variance in these studies, therefore that 4% of environment is actually entirely measurement error, definitely, and therefore the real inheritance will be 100%.
https://www.gwern.net/docs/genetics/.../2002-rhee.pdf, page 27, studies on adoptees indicate that the shared environment, such as where you grew up, the family you come from and the friends that surround you, only count for 5% in determining the crime, but as it is written on page 25 in the age section "The ACE model was the
best fitting model for children (a2 .46, c2 .20, e2 .34),
adolescents (a2 .43, c2 .16, e2 .41), and adults (a2 .41,
c2 .09, e2 .50)." and only a third of the sample is made up of adults, therefore the 5% identified in the studies on adoptees is actually an artifact of the young people included and in adults crime is 0% exact shared environmental (there is a 7% reduction from adolescence to adult in the shared environmental component, so the 5% is only due to included juveniles.) Additionally, criminal behavior has strong selective mating that overestimates the environmental variance shared, therefore it is assured for those who understand the modeling logic of twin studies that even in twin studies the shared environment counts for 0% in adults, instead of the 9% reported above. Measurement error due to the self-report of one's own criminal behavior used as measures and to the fact that in half of the twin pairs if one twin is discovered for a crime the other is not actually discovered, therefore that 50% unshared environment is just measurement error (in fact the first study mentioned using the much more precise measurements of the studies included in this last meta-analysis is in line with this absolutely certain point).
Conclusion: antisocial behaviour and crime behaviour is totally genetic and 0% due to environment where do you come from and racial differenze are totally genetic
Bookmarks