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Well the HDI does have its limitations: it solely measures GNI per capita, life expectancy and number of years spent in education, whereas it largely ignores other factors such as transport and infrastructure. Furthermore, re the Ireland-Wales comparison: if a quarter of Wales' population moved to Cardiff than its HDI would shoot up too, due to the improvements in income and probably education levels. (Not saying they'd reach Ireland's level, but the gap would certainly be somewhat smaller). What's more, many Irish people historically migrated to Wales to work in the coal mines and factories. Conversely, despite the wealth gap, I am not aware of many Welsh people migrating to Ireland nowadays.
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