Alexander Vovin: A linguistic contact between Tai-Kadai language family and Japonic language family

[Oasis]

Out of Southern China? - Alexander Vovin
Conclusion
I must start with a general note, that Benedict’s idea that Japanese and Tai-K(r)adai are related (1989), should not be rejected out of hand, as I did twenty years ago (Vovin 1994), although I still disagree with Benedict that the relationship is genetic, as I think that although the realationship does exist, it is a contact one.
1) Given the regular correspondences on both segmental and supra-segmental levels between pJ and pTK, the relationship does not seem to be accidental.
2) It does not look like a genuine genetic relationship because of obvious distributional gaps, such as, e.g.:
2a) lack of ‘cognates’ in pronominal systems,
2b) conspicuous near-absence of words with B tones in Tai-K(r)adai comparisons.
3) This leaves us with a contact relationship, which must be:
3a) Quite old, because not too much remains,
3b) Quite intense, because borrowing includes some very basic vocabulary items.
4) The recognition of this areal relationship brings mutual benefits to the internal histories of both Tai- K(r)adai and Japonic language families by:
4a) Providing an independent external piece of evidence for dissyllabic nature of several pTK roots including also the information on the quality of a vowel in first syllables
4b) Providing possible external evidence for the reconstruction of syllable-final consonants in pre-pJ, otherwise unrecoverable either by the comparative method or by the internal reconstruction.
4c) Providing further evidence that H/L register in pJ may reflect earlier voiced-voiceless distinctions.
5a) Helping to localize the Urheimat of the Japonic language family.
5b) And finally driving the last nail to the coffin of the ‘Altaic’ hypothesis.

[Hexachordia]

Interesting coincidence with English as well: "to die", in zhuang, also says tai or dai, most of the time, we say "tai"/death for "to die", but in case of exclamation, we may say dai-liao/ oh sheet. We also have the particularizing noun "the" , we say "ge", like the bird, we say, "ge nu"; the wood: "ge mai"; the rock: "ge tin"; the sky: "ge fa", the home:"ge rem"...the list can go on for all things, by the way, the word following "ge" is the direct word for the object mentioned in English.

Not sure with Japanese provenance, but sure, japanese people look most southern chinese. Of course, Tai-Kradai can also claim some sanskrit influences like from the Ahom heritage like in Thailand as well. Chinese, Japanese, Tai people all have very clear sanskrit impacts on their languages as well.

[Oasis]

Ebizur,

Haplogroup M8a2b – China (Maonan from Pingtang County[76])
Haplogroup M8a2b* - Japan[61], China (Shandong[61], Henan[61])
Haplogroup M8a2b1 (C9301T) - China (Anhui Medical University Hospital[61], etc.)
Haplogroup M8a2b2 (G12192A) - Russia (Ulchi,[61] Nanai from Bogorodskoye, Ulchsky District[61])
Haplogroup M8a2b3 (T16311C!) - China[61], Thailand (Bangkok[61])
Haplogroup M8a2b4 (T9813d) - China (Zhejiang, etc.[61])
Based on their location in Pingtang County, Guizhou Province, I suppose the Maonan people sampled by Chen Jing et al. (2022) may be Yanghuang people, speakers of the Then language. This language is classified as a member of the Kam-Sui branch of the Kra-Dai language family.
1/41 M8a2b-13050/6671/4670

You are trying to present M8a2b as some yDNA N-M231 populations’ specific clade which interacted with Tai-Kadai Maonan people. However, you can see very well that Tai-Kadai languages do not have a relevant linguistic feature N117A: locational predicative possession. Thus, your attempt to assign M8a2b to hg N-M231 populations is not correct: M8a2b is just an mtDNA haplogroup.

mtDNA Z

There is no mtDNA Z reported from Africa, besides mtDNA Z is a late lineage. The only realistic possibility to account for the linguistic feature N117a shared by some Africans and Eastern Eurasians is a lineage of mtDNA R-T16189C*, which is found in Africa as well as in Eastern Eurasia. To consider this N117A feature (Locational predicative possession) related to spouses belonging to R-T16189C* also appears to be a choice of “Ancient Mitogenomes Reveal the Origins and Genetic Structure of the Neolithic Shimao Population in Northern China”. Ancient mtDNA R+16189* was also found in yDNA N-M231-rich Ancient Shandong closer to Japan and Korea (the ancient Shandong Yinjiacheng ruins 3800-4500 years ago).

mtDNA D4, D5

According to "Maternal genetic structure of a neolithic population of the Yangshao culture", the Yangshao culture should be rich in mtDNA D4 and mtDNA D5, but they were not speakers of Japonic languages, they were speakers of a Sinitic language.

UPDATE:

Topic prominence is one of linguistic features shared by Finnish with languages in East Asia. Thus, some features of Finnish are shared with Western Eurasian languages, while some features of Finnish are shared with East Asian languages. It is the same with the Japanese language.

Speaking of pragmatics: Addressing discourse in Finnish and Japanese syntax
Anna Victoria Hollingsworth
2018
“(…) Finnish and Japanese are typologically similar in several respects, manifesting topic prominence, discourse sensitive word order variation, null arguments, and discourse-related particles in addition to agglutinative morphology.”

Another topic-prominent East Asian language is Chinese https://academic.oup.com/edited-volu...ract/334721269

[Oasis]

UPDATE: Ebizur
You reported yDNA O-M188 from Thailand, Vietnam and Laos. However, the Tai-Kadai Thai language, the Vietnamese language, the Austroasiatic Sedang language from Eastern Laos do not have the linguistic feature N117A “Locational predicative possession”.


Ebizur,

In China, the mtDNA D4m3 (which has a Palaeolithic connection to Devil’s Gate) is limited to Turkic populations, and it contains the mutation T8978C which is absent in other populations in China, according to Chinese works.

However, T8978C is present in the Near East, where some Turkics search for their homeland. Interestingly, another mtDNA D4m2 observed in Turkic populations, has a connection to mtDNA J2a, which is a relative of mtDNA J1c2 which was selected for the Hungarians in “Ancient Mitogenomes Reveal the Origins and Genetic Structure of the Neolithic Shimao Population in Northern China” (see https://www.theapricity.com/forum/sh...=1#post7791137).

In the Chinese linguistic work, Turkics share a connection with Iran and a deeper connection with AASI-related population. Interestingly the Iranian Ormuri language shares the linguistic feature N117A “Genetive predicative possession” with the Turkish language, while peripheral tribal populations in India, which usually have higher AASI, also share linguistic feature N117A “Genetive predicative possession”.

Thus, the Chinese works hint at the Near Eastern connection for the Turkic populations, which is distantly related to the Near Eastern connection (mtDNA J1c2) observed in the Hungarians.

Thus, the inclusion of mtDNA D4m bearers into Turkic populations did not cause the appearance of the linguistic feature N117A “Locative predicative possession”. In "Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago", mtDNA D4m, mtDNA D4e and some other “northern” mtDNAs are modeled in the similar way. According to “Mitogenome evidence shows two radiation events and dispersals of matrilineal ancestry from northern coastal China to the Americas and Japan”, such mtDNAs were initially accompanied by yDNA C2-M217, while yDNA Q-M242 can also be observed in some ancient samples.

Thus, in view of these Chinese works, the Finnish-Japanese connection in the linguistic feature N117A “Locative predicative possession” cannot be explained using maternal mtDNA (female mtDNA) as a tracer dye (and it is unlikely to be explained by male yDNA C and Q haplogroup members).

[Oasis]

The search for the ultimate source of mtDNA B5b for yDNA N-M231 individuals such as Bianbian will lead to the unexpected connection to some Tai-Kadai-related populations.

It is interesting that, in "Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago", two samples with two yDNA N-M231-related mtDNAs B5a1d, connected to mtDNA B5b* samples (according to the Chinese data), appeared on the cline shared with BalongKD10, who is a relative of the only known basal ancient yDNA O1b-M268* so far, BalongKD06 (https://www.theytree.com/tree/O-M268).

Interestingly, the ancient sample Yumin also has a connection to yDNA O1b-M268* BalongKD06-related BalongKD10 in Supplementary Table “Genetic cluster of each newly sequenced Guangxi individuals.” While yDNA N-Z4762 was modeled using the Shandong-related branch in “Ancient DNA indicates human population shifts and admixture in northern and southern China”, its 25000-year-old brother yDNA N-Y6503 was modeled using the Yumin-related branch in “Ancient DNA indicates human population shifts and admixture in northern and southern China”. Thus, yDNA N-Y6503 ancient samples were also likely to acquire the connection to mtDNA B5b and a died-out branch of yDNA O-M268. Interestingly, one Neolithic Botai sample was determined to belong to yDNA O-M268 by Kazakh researchers, while international researchers obtained the result “yDNA R1b” for him. yDNA N-Y6503 was also found in the Neolithic Botai population. In view of the Chinese discovery, it would be realistic for yDNA O-M268* individuals to show up in the Neolithic Botai along with yDNA N-Y6503, thus, an explanation should be sought for the double yDNA assignment of the ancient Botai sample.

In "Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago", the yDNA O1b-M268* BalongKD06-related BalongKD10 has the strongest affinity to Tai-Kadai populations such as Maonan, Zhuang and Gelao peoples.

A connection to died-out O-M268* peoples contributing to Tai-Kadai peoples and likely leaving the surviving female mtDNA B5b lineages for yDNA N-M231-related groups is an interesting connection for our “Onge-related” yDNA N-M231 Bianbian-related populations, whose genetic influence can turn an yDNA C1b individual related to Papuans into a La368 Laotian Hoabinhian an (yDNA D-M174)-Onge-related Australasian closer to East Asians; the autosomal genetic remains of such populations were found in Myanmar/Burma, where the Burmese language is spoken today (the Burmese language has Feature 117A: “Loacational Predicative Possession”).


UPDATE An mtDNA B5, which is neither B5b, nor B5a, was reported from the yDNA O-M122-related population (https://www.theytree.com/sample/f3dc...9e60696d8.html). As this sample also has a connection to Thailand in "Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago", it is not impossible that mtDNA B5* could be once distributed together with the basal branch of yDNA O-M122, only reported from Thai-related populations so far (https://www.theytree.com/tree/O-TYT179538). As in "Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago" the 49% "male" genetic part of a generic ancient Thailand sample was modeled using 49% "male" percentage yDNA N-M231 Bianbian, it is not impossible that ancient N-M231 individuals not only interacted with died-out yDNA O-M268*, but also interacted with yDNA O-M122*, one of rare branches of O-M122* (O-TYT179538) being reported from the Tai-Kadai Thai people today.

[Oasis]

The Japanese linguist Katsumi Matsumoto is known for drawing attention to the Japanese-Austroasiatic connection as early as in 1975 (https://www.researchgate.net/publica...chaic_Japanese).

In 2007, a new book by this linguist was published, “Japanese in the World’s Languages: a new perspective on the origin of the Japanese language” (世界言語のなかの日本語 日本語系統論の新たな地平). Katsumi Matsumoto thinks that multiple linguistic layers participated in the formation of the Japanese language.

However, Katsumi Matsumoto mentions the Austroasiatic connection of the Japanese language in the most interesting way. Basing on historical linguistics, the author claims that the ancient Proto-Austroasiatic language , the Japanese language, the ancient Korean language, the Ainu language, the Amuric Nivkh/Gilyak language and a lot of Native American languages are the so-called “N-M Pronouns” languages. It means that the pronoun in the first person singular in those languages contained a phoneme/sound N, and the pronoun in the second person singular in those languages contained a phoneme/sound M.

As full “N-M Pronouns” did not preserve in some modern languages, the map of the linguistic feature 137B “M in Second Person Singular” may partially give the impression about the geographic distribution of the remains of this “N-M Pronouns” feature (modern Korean underwent historical changes).


According to Katsumi Matsumoto, “N-M Pronouns” in the Proto-Austroasiatic language , the Japanese language, the ancient Korean language, the Ainu language, the Amuric Nivkh/Gilyak language and a lot of Native American languages are different from “N-K Pronouns” of the Austronesian, Tai-Kadai and Hmong-Mien/Miao-Yao languages. Obviously, Katsumi Matsumoto thinks that “N-M Pronouns” should have been the first ones, while “N-K Pronouns” should have appeared later.

However, “N-M Pronouns” were observed in Papuan languages and in Africa. The “back”migration of mtDNA R-T16189C* to Africa was already discussed. According to the Chinese scientists, which mtDNA haplogroup bearers could have caused “N-M Pronouns” in languages of ancestors of the Proto-Austroasiatic language , the Japanese language, the ancient Korean language, the Ainu language, the Amuric Nivkh/Gilyak language?

This should be mtDNA M74, traces of whom were found as far to the north as Europe ca 35000-36000 years ago. Indeed, “Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago" stated the influence of yDNA O1b-related Qihe3 on Japan Jomon, and this article contains a cline comprising the Nivkh-related Ulchi, Japan Jomon sample, Qihe3 sample and the Austroasiatic Nicobarese who have mtDNA M74b2. mtDNA M74 is considered to be a sister of mtDNA M42 related to Papuans, whose migrations (likely as far as Africa and America), we already discussed. Additionally, Austroasiatics share additional mtDNA M Longlin-related ancestry in models of “Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago" meaning that Austroasiatics need extra mtDNA M groups' ancestry relative to other East Asians.


However, we do not see mtDNA M74 in Native Americans. However, the Siberian component of mtDNA M74 in “Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago" and considerable AR33K-Tianyuan ancestry in mtDNA M74 sample in “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene” make it clear that mtDNA M74 interacted with mtDNA B2 which is very widespread in Native Americans. As both Tianyuan and AR33K are mtDNA B4’5* and mtDNA B*, the shared AR33K-Tianyuan ancestry appears in mtDNA B-related samples, whose mtDNA B branch did not considerably contribute to modern East Asian populations. The Native American mtDNA B2 separated from the East Asian mtDNA B4b 26100-31700 years ago. Interestingly, there are non-negligible amounts of mtDNA B4b in Austronesians, but the Austronesian languages as a whole were not characterized by “N-M Pronouns”. Thus, the connection of mtDNA M74 found in Austrasiatics to mtDNA B2 of Native Americans should cause the difference between East Asian mtDNA B4b and Native American mtDNA B4b>B2.

Unfortunately, it is impossible to reproduce here the magnificent description of the connection between the ancient Proto-Austroasiatic language , the Japanese language, the ancient Korean language, the Ainu language, the Amuric Nivkh/Gilyak language and a lot of Native American languages. Katsumi Matsumoto is so fond of phonetic similarities between Japanese, Ainu and Korean.

If Proto-Austroasiatics were influenced by the presence of yDNA O1b1, then the Japanese language, the ancient Korean language, the Ainu language, the Amuric Nivkh/Gilyak language and a lot of Native American languages should have been influenced by yDNA O1b2. Recently Ebizur has raised the age of yDNA O1b2, a parent of his yDNA O1b2-47z, and its most ancient almost 30000-year-old branches perfectly suit contributing to Native Americans (https://www.yfull.com/tree/O-P49/). Even if the remainder of yDNA O1b2 lived somewhere in the Lower Yangtze River, or settled to the south of the Yangtze River during the Last Glacial Maximum, because of the fact that yDNA O1b2 bearers should have contributed to Native Americans, their 30000-year-old languages should have had quite a lot of connections to Native American languages, even if they should remain related to Austroasiatics at least lexically within some words in the core vocabulary. For example, the yDNA O1b2-influenced Nivkh language has a strong connection to Native American languages. In Gerhard Jager work of 2017, Japanese, Korean and Ainu also have lexical connections to Native American languages. However, in other respects Japanese is not at all similar to Native American languages. This means that, wherever the narrow homeland of the Japanese language were, the actual Japanese language formed under the strongest influence, if not considerable replacement, by East Asian-related languages, and East Asian-like features in Japanese should be attributed to the influence of these languages on the formation of the Japanese languages.

[Oasis]

Ebizur,
The Fuyu Kyrgyz live in the Fuyu 富裕 County ,Heilongjiang, which is different from the Kingdom of Fuyu 扶余, Jilin.

A typology of questions in Northeast Asia and beyond: An ecological perspective.
Andreas Hölzl
Similar to the Tungusic language Sibe that was partly relocated to Xinjiang in 1764, Fuyu was brought to Manchuria from the Altai region in the 1750s under in the 1750s under emperor Qianlong (see Hu Zhenhua 1986; 1996; Hu Zhenhua & Imart 1987; Janhunen 1996).
https://bulletin-history.kaznu.kz/in...wnload/405/324
According to the anthropological type, the Fuyui Kyrgyz. – unlike the neighboring people of the manjurs, Mongols, daurs, Evenks – are light-skinned and with European features.

If the Fuyu Kyrgyz are a mixed group, it is not surprising that their language can contain a Western Eurasian-like linguistic feature. However, their arrival to Manchuria was too late to influence the Ainu and Japanese languages.

Unlike this, the linguistic map which you have found (the linguistic feature “No velar nasal”) unites Japanese and Ainu with numerous African and Native American languages. This linguistic feature is very widespread in some macroregions such as Africa or America, and the appearance of this linguistic feature is consistent with the gene flow discovered in the Japanese peace of research “Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations” by Niall P. Cooke, Valeria Mattiangeli, Lara M. Cassidy, Kenji Okazaki, Caroline A. Stokes, Shin Onbe, Satoshi Hatakeyama, Kenichi Machida, Kenji Kasai, Naoto Tomioka, Akihiko Matsumoto, Masafumi Ito, Yoshitaka Kojima, Daniel G. Bradley*, Takashi Gakuhari*, Shigeki Nakagome.

Accoding to this article, the specimens containing the African Mbuti ancestry include:
[1] Japan Jomon
[2] USR1 Native American
[3] African Mbuti themselves (a population rich in yDNA B)
The specimens with no African Mbuti ancestry include:
[1] Ami Austronesians
[2] Atayal Austronesians.
Among these specimens, the African Mbuti are rich in yDNA B, and indeed, the language of the sampled Mbuti does not contain a velar nasal as a phoneme.

Thus, the absence of the velar nasal in the Jomon-influenced Japanese languages and Ainu languages which were influenced by Mbuti-ancestry containing Japan Jomon, may be explained by the assumption that Japan Jomon ancestors contained ancient yDNA BT* ancestors whose yDNA BT*/B* did not preserve, but whose autosomal Mbuti-like DNA preserved in Japan Jomon, and whose languages were similar to languages spoken by the African Mbuti in that they were languages with “No velar nasal”).

Interestingly, the Japanese language does contain a velar nasal as an allophone (a variant of a phoneme), though not as an independent phoneme of its own.

Thus, the Japanese population should have had a similar origin to most other East Asians, whose languages contained a velar nasal as a phoneme.
However, the important part of the Japanese nobility derived from the Japan Jomon. Apparently, their way of pronunciation with no velar nasal as an independent phoneme influenced the way of pronunciation of their Japanese subjects.
__________________________________________________ ____
HOW DID YDNA D-M174 PEOPLE DEVELOP IN EASTERN EURASIA?
CAN IT BE A DISTANT RELATIVE OF NORTHERN C2-M217?
CAN IT BE A DISTANT RELATIVE OF MONGOL AND TUNGUZ?
There is a theory that yDNA D-M174 distributed from the north of Eastern Eurasia, but there are more widespread theories that yDNA D-M174 distributed from the south of Eastern Eurasia
In “Maternal genetic history of ancient Tibetans over the past 4,000 years”, Chinese scientists developed a huge novel mtDNA tree of mtDNA M13, which is 49071 years old (its first split). This is already very close to yDNA D-M174 which split 49877 years ago, according to “A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture” (Karmin et al, 2015).
Interestingly, only one Mongol sample has a basal northern 49071-year-old mtDNA M13 in “Maternal genetic history of ancient Tibetans over the past 4,000 years”. Interestingly, in “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene” there is one Amur AR10-13K sample which was once determined to belong to yDNA DE, but another time he was determined to belong to northern yDNA C2-M217 https://www.theytree.com/tree/C-M130. So it is possible that yDNA D-M174 once lived in Northern East Asia, but later the northern D-M174 was substituted by the northern yDNA C2-M217 ancient people. Other mtDNA M13 and yDNA D-M174 should have distributed in more southern areas.
Thus, on the linguistic map below, southern occurences of the linguistic feature N42a “Different inflection of Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives” may be related to the ancient distribution of southern yDNA D-M174 populations, while northern occurencies of this feature may be caused by the influence from ancient populations belonging to northern yDNA C2-M217, taking into account that these northern yDNA C2-M217 populations replaced the now died-out “northern” yDNA D-M174, a trace of which preserved in the ancient sample of AR10-13K of the Amur River Basin in Northeast China.
The Japanese people is also rich in yDNA D-M64 branch. However, it is more likely that the linguistic feature N42a “Different inflection of Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives” was introduced to the Japanese language by yDNA C2-M217 Tunguz and Mongol related populations also contributing to Turkic populations. The Ainu people who share the D-M64 branch with the Japanese, do not have this feature in their language. The fact is that "Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago" hinted that the Japan Jomon-related yDNA D-M64 interacted with Austronesian-related ancient samples (but not with Liangdao2), while, according to S.-Y. William Wang and Mieko Ogura ("Explorations in the origins of the Japanese language"), the Austronesian-related contribution to the formation of the Japanese language is not significant.


A note: “The (Tungusic) Udegeys (Udihe) were characterized by a high frequency (66.7%) of Y chromosome haplogroup C, indicating a close genetic relationship with Mongolians and Siberians.” https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19953529/

[Hexachordia]

In my local zhuang dialect, I=gao, you=maou or merr/her but with more stress on r--closest approximating sounds.

He--ao/foul, mouth, she--dea/ from the "ea" in death, we-rao/lao/hulao/hurao, they--aodea/hudea.

It-An/under, one-An/under, sounds like one or un in French.

1-An, 2-song, 3-sam, 4-they/theology, 5-ha, 6-lo, 7-za, 8-bei, 9-gao, 10-thim/theology
11-thim-an,,,

Mouth--ba, french is bouche; hair--peem/peep, spanish is pelo; blood--le/the/were, English is blood; air--lum, German is luft; people--gen/gum not genes, but a bit reminding of the french gens; death--tai; chicken--gai, spanish is gallo; dark--dam/amsterdam; red--dang; late--henan(I mistook earlier) , Noon--negai; morning--na; light--rong/wrong, English "ray"?; no-nao; penis--dei; hand-merr/the same with you, french is main; smoke--nau, French for cloud is nuage; ears--tho/those, out--o/more; fire--figh/fight; water--nam; cow--wai, French is vache; kick--kick/yes, exactly the same, just the ending k sound does not need pronounce; look--lae/matt or han; beautiful--bao(a male person) or lae/fat(for objects or women); Moon--high/high; Sun--Tawan; eyes-ta; day--wan/one; hairs on the body--kun, japanese for this is "ke"; good--dai; evil--thai/there; strong--ke/fetch; disgusting--hin/hinder, reminds of "heinous"; love--nan or mai or nyam; kill--ka or katai; alive--yoa/boat; rice/crop--cow; damp--dum; play--fun, the exactly pronounciation in English; boring--burr/purr; door--dow/endow; run--ran or lan/ant; walk--kya or pya; night--hum; fly--ben/brighten; eat--gin or kun; up--ken/gotten; down--long; come on/up--kenma; come down--longma; bite--kam, japanese for bite is 噛む /kamu; friend--doi/foil; Come--ma; go--by/by; have--may/may; fish--gya; fruits--maa/heavy emphasis on "a", japanese for this is 実/"mi" or kudamono; meat--by/by; metals--lya, reminds of English word "alloy".

...These are just what I remember, I do not know much about my dialect like people who live in more provincial areas than mine. Oh: god, I did not know but I just checked, we have a god called--Buluotuo, "bu" means male, "luotuo"/loto`s meaning is still scholarly controversial, but it can be roughly interpreted as god or devine things. I emboldened those words with very strong similarities to western languages or japanese. Amazing.

Austronesian not only sounds japanese sometimes, also western as well.

[Oasis]

Feature 143A: Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb
The largest share of languages (525 out of 1325, or 39,6%) have Type 1: NegV.
“Type 1: NegV
Type 1, and by far the most frequent type, represents those languages in which the normal expression of clausal negation is a negative word which precedes the verb (…)

These languages include Chinese, Hebrew, English, Tibeto-Burman Naxi language, but these languages are numerous on all continents. For their East Asian area the Chinese researchers point to ca.70000-year-old yDNA F/F* as a possible population to distribute such a linguistic feature (it should be mentioned that yDNA N-M231-rich Naxi people does not have the Mongol-Tunguz/Amur ancestry in "Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago"). Consequently, other descendants of yDNA F, such as yDNA O-M175 or its descendant yDNA O-M122 maximized in Han Chinese may account for the preservation of such a feature in East Asia. The Naxi people in Southwest China have 44% of yDNA N-M231, and their language also has this feature. Australia is rich in this feature, consequently, at least some branches of yDNA C/C* should be bearers of the languages characterized by this feature. This feature is very widespread in Africa, so some lineages of the equally ancient level should be responsible for the preservation of this feature Africa. The West African Yoruba language has this feature, and traces of 76600-year-old mtDNA L3/yDNA CT* population should be observed in West Africans according to the model "Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago". This feature is observed in Hebrew, but it is not seen in Coptic, a descendant of Ancient Egyptian and it is not observed in Egyptian Arabic. Some European Germanic languages include this main Type 1 and Type 2.

Almost all other types of Feature 143A “Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb” are similarly observed on all continents, implying that dialectological differentiation already existed in ancient anatomically modern humans.

“Type 4: [V-Neg]
Type 4 represents those languages in which the normal expression of negation is a negative suffix on the verb”

The origin of the entire Type 4, which is distributed on all continents, is not clear. In Africa, both the Type 4 Masalit language and Type 4 East African Sandawe language have yDNA A3b2 members among bearers of these languages. However, other African languages of some other yDNA A members do not have this feature, so the earliest initial formation of this Type 4 feature might have involved a now died-out ghost population.
In Eurasia, the languages containing this Type 4 feature include Eskaleut, Japanese, Mongolic, Turkic, Manchu-Tungusic languages. A lot of Native American languages have this Type 4 feature, but a lot of Native American languages also have Type 1 feature. If yDNA O-M175 branch of yDNA F is dominated by bearers of Type 1 languages, then initially yDNA Q-M242 branch of yDNA F should have also been dominated by bearers of Type 1 languages. However, there is a branch of yDNA Q such as Q-F472 which is split in Q-F1096 found in Eskaleut, Japanese, Mongolic, Turkic, Manchu-Tungusic language bearers and Q-L56 found in Native Americans. As both branches contain speakers of Type 4 languages, it is possible that Q-M242 bearers, initially the speakers of Type 1 languages, mixed with a mysterious Type 4 population. Interestingly, in “Bronze and Iron Age population movements underlie Xinjiang population history”, Chinese researcher reported an ancient Xinjiang population which contained Q-L56>…>Q-M930, a relative of Native Amerixcans who lives in Europe today, and a mysterious ancient yDNA Q who was once determined to be yDNA Q and once was determined to be yDNA F, which, according to the article’s rules means that this ancient sample had just one mutation characteristic of yDNA Q, other mutations being solely related to yDNA F level. So it is possible that ancient yDNA Q-F472 bearers mixed with a mysterious noew died-out ghost population very distantly related to yDNA A3b2 Sandawe and Masalit in Africa, thus yDNA Q-F472 bearers acquired Type 4 lingustic feature of Sandawe and Masalit, and it preserved in languages of Q-F1096 bearers found in Eskaleut, Japanese, Mongolic, Turkic, Manchu-Tungusic language bearers, while yDNA Q-L56 bearers ancestral to Native Americans and some Europeans, having acquired Type 4 linguistic feature, mixed with a mysterious yDNA F*/mtDNA R-T16189C* population living closer to Tibet and Xinjiang, and Q-L56 bearers ancestral to Native Americans and some Europeans acquired Type 1 linguistic feature. Thus, Type 1 became dominant in some Native American languages, Type 4 remained dominant in a lot of other Native American languages. Type 1 became dominant in languages of Q-M930 living in Europe, as we do not observe any Type 4 languages along the course of migration of Q-M930 to Europe.

Now let’s turn to yDNA Q-M120 population which is the only yDNA Q population capable of bringing Type 4 linguistic feature to the Japanese language.

The Chinese language is an isolating analytic language, therefore, a variety of Chinese cannot have the negative suffix of Type 4. Thus, ancient yDNA Q-M120 found in Korea in a jar burial popular in Japan cannot be a speaker of Sinitic/Chinese, and Korean also does not have the negative suffix of Type 4 (Genomic detection of a secondary family burial in a single jar coffin in early Medieval Korea https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9827920/). This Q-M120 should be a speaker of some language related to Eskaleut, Mongolic, Turkic, Manchu-Tungusic language bearers, which influenced the formation of the Japanese language.

In Grugni et al (“Analysis of the human Y-chromosome haplogroup Q characterizes ancient population movements in Eurasia and the Americas” https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/ar...915-018-0622-4) it was reported that Turkic speakers acquired an yDNA Q-M25 branch of yDNA Q-F1096, while the Eskaleut people of America is rich in Q-F1096>Q-F746>Q-B143 branch, a Palaeolithic brother of yDNA Q-M25 which joined Turkic peoples. It is possible to find article about similarities between Turkic and Eskaleut languages, thus, Q-M25 can hardly be used as a sole Turkic marker. The brother of Eskaleut’s Q-F1096>Q-F746>Q-B143 is Ancient KolymaM’s preQ-M120>Q-M120. This population settled in Northeast China during the AR19K period 19000 years ago as its representative AR9.2K_outlier does not have a stronger connection to another Q-F746 AfontovaGora2 that the connection between AR19K and AfontovaGora2, which already existed 19000 years ago, according to “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene”. Interestingly, AR9.2K_outlier cannot be modeled using Shandong Xiaojingshan who had an autosomal connection to various types of yDNA N-M231, so it should be said that the Q-M120 people in China did not interact with yDNA N1c and other China’s types of yDNA N-M231 in China in the Neolithic. Thus, Q-M120 people should retain their Type 4 linguistic feature to bring it to the Japanese Archipelago via Korea at a certain point. The fact that they were found in medieval jar burials in Korea does not mean that they could not live there earlier, as their relative AR9.2K_outlier's population originated from somewhere between Liaodong and Jilin 9200 years ago, while AR19K’s 19000-year-old ancestry which already interacted with AfontovaGora’s Q-F746, a relative of Q-M120, was detected in the Japanese to a larger degree than in Koreans in “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene”.

Now we stopped discussing male y chromosome yDNA Q-M120.
Unlike yDNA Q-M120, the particular yDNA N-M231, who interacted with the East Asian part of the Japanese ancestry in China, should be entirely different. It should not have any Mongol Tunguz Turk etc Amur ancestry, it shoud be neither Korean, nor Tibeto-Burman, it should be more distantly related to Chamdo2.8K’s 68% ancestry with no Western Eurasian (Chamdo2.8K is an ancient specimen from the Upper Yangtze River Basin), it should be related to one of ancestral populations of yDNA N-F2905, which interacted with populations of Southern China and was slightly different from yDNA N-M231 Bianbian; it should acquire all necessary features via mtDNA B5b yDNA O-M122* yDNA O-M268* neighbouring populations in “Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago"... The Shandong Bianbian yDNA N-M231/mtDNA B5b branch could have only participated in the formation of the Puyo Kingdom (Para-Japonic Kingdom, according to the researcher Christopher I. Beckwith) as a contributor to the Machengzi culture of Liaodong, which is hinted by the PCA of “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene”.



According to the Japanese linguist Yoshizo Itabashi, “the Old Japanese or pre-Japanese is a nongenetic language whose lexicon and grammar were inherited from more than one language or language family in connection with the Old Japanese personal pronouns”.

UPDATE
On the picture above, yDNA N1b1 would be related to Bianbian branch, but not to Chamdo2.8K-Zongri5.1k ancestral node marked in red. yDNA N1b1 is a branch from Shandong different from the described yDNA N-M231 branch that should interact with the East Asian part of the Japanese ancestors living in Southern China.

[Oasis]

We already discussed the connection of Japan Jomon and some Jomon-related yDNA O-47z lineages connected to alledged wolf/dog beliefs in Japan.

Male yDNA (4%) of the following Japan Jomon specimens was modeled using yDNA of Qihe3 in "Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago":

I6341 Japan_Jomon Funadomari 3200 years ago
I13882 Japan_Jomon Rokutsu Shell Mound 3234 years ago
I13883 Japan_Jomon Rokutsu Shell Mound 2859 years ago
I13884 Japan_Jomon Rokutsu Shell Mound 4351 years ago
I13885 Japan_Jomon Rokutsu Shell Mound 3216 years ago
I13886 Japan_Jomon Rokutsu Shell Mound 4003 years ago

In addition, Qihe3 also provided the best model for modeling yDNA O1b in "Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago"

Thus, as early as 4351 years ago, during the Jomon Period, the interaction between yDNA O1b population and yDNA D-M64 population should have started in the Japanese Archipelago.

The only Late Neolithic non-Yayoi yDNA O1b specimen reported in Japan so far is yDNA O1b2-47z.
NAG007.A0102_merged Nagabaka Nagabaka_late Japan Late Neolithic 24,8908 125,2793 This study
https://www.theytree.com/tree/O-CTS1875

The modeling of “Human genetic history on the Tibetan Plateau in the past 5100 years” supported a link between the mtDNA N9b1 Jomon Ikawazu specimen and the East Asian specimen of the mtDNA lineage found in Austronesians which should be one of human lineages associated with the distribution of an Austronesian dog (“Ancient DNA Evidence from China Reveals the Expansion of Pacific Dogs”), but, according to the Chinese data, a population of this lineage found in Austronesians also bears traces of interaction with the Haminmangha culture whose dogs should be closer to wolves. Rokutsu Jomon and Funadomari Jomon specimens also mainly belong to mtDNA N9b1, but they were all modeled using the Qihe3 specimen in "Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago". Thus, it is impossible to disconnect an O1b-related population whose ancestors interacted with Fudanomari Jomon and Rokutsu Jomon (the only Late Neolithic pre-Yayoi yDNA O1b specimen in Japan is O1b2-47z) from the mtDNA N9b1 Ikawazu-related population which interacted with populations which contributed dog lineages connected both to autosomally more “wolf-like” dogs and to East Asian dogs to Austronesians. No Jomon/pre-Yayoi yDNA male lineages other than D-M64 and O1b2-47z were reported from Japan so far. Thus, it is obviously impossible to say that any other lineages should be blamed for the rite discussed in the previous post (“Japanese grain (rice) farmers once worshiped wolves at shrines and left food offerings near their dens”), while indigenous D-M64 only could interact with wolf-dog distributing populations after the period when O1b2-47z had done so

A picture from “Ancient DNA Evidence from China Reveals the Expansion of Pacific Dogs”

However, European studies treat an indigenous East Asian dog as an unknown species and insist that their Western Eurasian-related dogs also have an autosomal connection to the dog which distributed along with Austronesians. From the Chinese point of view, a Western Eurasian dog is more closely related to a wolf. It is the Early Neolithic Haminmangha site in China which may provide a suitable dog/wolf-admixed species in China, and the Haminmangha-related population distributed in China and towards Siberia. The Haminmangha culture is treated in China as a culture, which had a archaeological connection to the Xinglongwa culture, while the Xinglongwa culture is treated today as an ancestral culture for ancestral bearers of all Transeurasian (“Altaic”) languages, according to Robbeets’ hypothesis. The ancestry connected to the Xinglongwa culture in “Ancient genomes from northern China suggest links between subsistence changes and human migration” was dominated by yDNA C2-M217 in “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene”.

As Haminmangha_MN has a plain autosomal connetion to Ancient Kolyma (yDNA Q-M242 branch, a brother of Q-M120), it is not impossible that yDNA Q-M242 bearers intially brought a Western Eurasian-like dog related to a wolf.

Genome-scale sequencing and analysis of human, wolf, and bison DNA from 25,000-year-old sediment
Pere Gelabert 1, Susanna Sawyer 2, Anders Bergström 3, Ashot Margaryan 4, Thomas C Collin 5, Tengiz Meshveliani 6, Anna Belfer-Cohen 7, David Lordkipanidze 6, Nino Jakeli 6, Zinovi Matskevich 8, Guy Bar-Oz 9, Daniel M Fernandes 10, Olivia Cheronet 2, Kadir T Özdoğan 2, Victoria Oberreiter 2, Robin N M Feeney 5, Mareike C Stahlschmidt 11, Pontus Skoglund 12, Ron Pinhasi 13
PMID: 34256019 PMCID: PMC8409484 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.023
Abstract
Cave sediments have been shown to preserve ancient DNA but so far have not yielded the genome-scale information of skeletal remains. We retrieved and analyzed human and mammalian nuclear and mitochondrial environmental "shotgun" genomes from a single 25,000-year-old Upper Paleolithic sediment sample from Satsurblia cave, western Georgia:first, a human environmental genome with substantial basal Eurasian ancestry, which was an ancestral component of the majority of post-Ice Age people in the Near East, North Africa, and parts of Europe; second, a wolf environmental genome that is basal to extant Eurasian wolves and dogs and represents a previously unknown, likely extinct, Caucasian lineage; and third, a European bison environmental genome that is basal to present-day populations, suggesting that population structure has been substantially reshaped since the Last Glacial Maximum. Our results provide new insights into the Late Pleistocene genetic histories of these three species and demonstrate that direct shotgun sequencing of sediment DNA, without target enrichment methods, can yield genome-wide data informative of ancestry and phylogenetic relationships.

This is probably the “Caucasian” source of “a wolf ancestral to dogs”, alledgedly venerated by Japanese rice farmers. Findings of the Japanese anthropologist Hirofumi Matsumura, who appears to be closely aligned with American scientists, hint at the role of mtDNA K1b as a spouse of these males distributing a Western Eurasian “wolf-like dogs”, which influenced East Asian dogs, according to the western research. How migrant mtDNA K1b people influenced the Eastern Eurasian “ecosystem” and whether mtDNA K1b people, influencing ancestors of Japanese-related F1096>Q-F746>Q-M120 and of Eskaleut-related -F1096>Q-F746>Q-B143, spoke the Type 4 language, remains to be inferred.

“Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago" stipulated that the yDNA N-M231 of Boshan was already to a large degree qualitatively similar to modern yDNA O-M175, while a more ancient Bianbian (the one viewed in the model above) still had yDNA N-M231 which was more similar to a Southeast Asian Hoabinhian (a La368/Onge-related group).

“Ancient DNA indicates human population shifts and admixture in northern and southern China” stipulated that yDNA O-M134 of an Ancient Tibetan is qualitatively different from yDNA O-M134 found elsewhere in Han Chinese; “Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago" showed that the Ancient Tibetan yDNA O-M134 was more qualitatively similar to Hoabinhians. This is the influence of local “Hoabinhian-like” substratum onto Ancient Tibetans, who otherwise derive from the Sino-Tibetan Yangshao culture in terms of uniparenthals such as O-M134, while Han Chinese-related populations retain the initial qualitative characteristics of yDNA O-M134.

Still, it can be seen in the model of “Human genetic history on the Tibetan Plateau in the past 5100 years” that Ancient Tibetan yDNA O-M134 is slightly different from ancient yDNA N-M231.

The population of yDNA N-L729, ancestors of N1c, N-P83, N1b-E P43+ Y3196+ Y3185+ VL97+ FGC38830+ Z35051+ L665+

“Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago" has found Japan Jomon-related ancestry in the deeply diverged ancient specimen yDNA N-L729* of Lokomotiv_EN, and other Chinese articles such as “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene” and so on are needed to receive the explanation for this.

In the past, the yDNA N-L729 people simultaneously interacted with mtDNA D4 Yumin-related population and with mtDNA G1a* population which later indirectly contributed to Japan Jomon via the territory of Korea. Thus, the yDNA N-L729 people first mixed with mtDNA G1a* people and then contributed a died-out branch of N-L729* to Yumin-related population, from where a died-out branch of N-L729* proceded to Baikal (Lokomotiv_EN), “braving tundra and ice” along with other deeply diverged “Botai-related” N-Y6503 haplogroups who were modeled using Yumin in “Ancient DNA indicates human population shifts and admixture in northern and southern China”. As the culture of that N-L729* people was more advanced than the culture of Yumin-related N-Y6503 people, then N-Y6503 people should have been influenced by N-L729* people, though this N-L729* branch contributing to Yumin did not have direct descendants today. Unlike Yumin-related ancestry, the surviving yDNA N-L729 population in “Ancient DNA indicates human population shifts and admixture in northern and southern China” also contained a piece of Shandong-related ancestry on the modern territory of the People’s Republic of China, because yDNA N-L729 people is a brother branch of Shandong yDNA N-F2930 people, but not a brother branch of Yumin-related N-Y6503 who diverged 25000 years ago, and the surviving yDNA N-L729 people and Shandong yDNA N-F2930 people interacted with the same ancient population in China. The part of the surviving yDNA N-L729 people, who remained in Northeast China, acquired the D4 branch from interaction with Yumin-related populations, while its mtDNA G1a*-related part started to interact with the neighbouring mtDNA G1a-related people who contributed to Japan Jomon, having migrated to Japan from Korea in the Early Neolithic.

Since the surviving N-L729/D4/G1a* people "indirectly" contributed some female mtDNA G1a* female ancestry to the dog-loving Q-M120 population which distributed in China and to Japan Jomon, then the languages of the surviving N-L729/D4/G1a* people should share linguistic traits, acquired from mtDNA G1a* population, with the Japanese language which formed under the influence of Japan Jomon, but not with the Korean language and its Korean-related offshoots likely penetrating Siberia (for example, there is shared word for “a bear” between Korean and some poorly attested Siberian languages). We should remind that AR7.3K_outlier and AR3.4K_outlier (whose descendants should be in future assimilated by autosomally yDNA N-M231 Bianbian-like Machengzi culture to form the Para-Japonic Kingdom of Puyo) derived from this N-L729/D4/G1a* people, and “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene” showed that AR7.3K_outlier and AR3.4K_outlier were at least partially genetically similar to Shandong yDNA N-M231 populations and were not genetically similar to Q-M120-related AR9.2K_outlier, thus, modern yDNA N-L729 populations’ ancestors were not influenced by yDNA Q-M120-related population and did not form a part of this yDNA Q-M120-related population in the Neolithic.


Since our mtDNA G1a*, whom the surviving N-L729/D4/G1a* people included in their ranks, does not have apparent Neanderthal mutations, which would be shared with mtDNA G1a branch which was influenced by yDNA Q-M120 people and was incorporated into the ancestors of Japanese starting from the Jomon period, we will think that some other linguistic features than the yDNA Q-M120 people-related Feature 143A “Type 4 Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb” found in Japanese and Eskaleut languages, that is, some other linguistic features, which appeared in Japanese and a Near Eastern language, originated from a branch of our mtDNA G1a* East Asian people, who was influenced by yDNA N-L729 population, distantly autosomally related to ancient “proto-“yDNA N-M231 related populations whose more “Hoabinhian/Onge-like” autosomal DNA was found in the Burmese-related populations in Southeast Asia in "Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago", and the presence of such proto-“yDNA N-M231 related more “Hoabinhian/Onge-like” autosomal DNA in the Burmese-related populations may explain the presence of the same discussed linguistic features in the Burmese language, which are also found in Japanese and in a Near Eastern language, but which are not found in other Tibeto-Burman languages and are not found in the Chinese language. This scenario would be in accordance with "Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago".

However, we remind Ebizur that his 18-year-long fight with N-L729 was groundless, because the more southern East Asian part of the Japanese ancestors was influence by another branch (it was not closely related to N-L729 people-related ancestry), yDNA N-F2930, whose autosomal ancestry reached the Yangtze River basin in China in “Human genetic history on the Tibetan Plateau in the past 5100 years”.

UPDATE
It was suggested in “The impacts of Bronze Age in the gene pool of Chinese: Insights from phylogeographics of Y-chromosomal haplogroup N1a2a-F1101” that yDNA N-P43 developed in the western part of Northeast China, while his brother N-M128: “Ancient DNA evidence supported that this haplogroup (N-M128) is the lineage of ruling family of Zhou Dynasty (~ 3 kya-2.2 kya) of ancient China”. The Zhou Dynasty was an ancient Chinese dynasty, thus, various yDNA N-P43/N-M128 lineages entered various peoples during a later ancient period.

UPDATE2 In in "Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago", ancient Hmong-Mien samples were modeled using 34% yDNA N-M231 Boshan, who is a relative of yDNA N-M231 Bianbian branch.