Japan
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Xiaonanshan civilization shouldn't be concealed, its bearers even contributed to Karitiana component
Especially the Japanese, having the so-called “northern” C2-M217, may also be at least distantly related to this “Xiaonanshan civilization”. However, in the Chinese interpretation, those yDNA C2-M217, which interacted with mtDNA D4h, had their own languages, but there is also the possibility that it is them who interacted with speakers of Western Eurasian languages.
The newly discovered “Xiaonanshan civilization” was already briefly mentioned in a different topic:
Additionally, the genetic cline, stretching from Siberia to Xinjiang, Tibetan Plateau and Himalayas, formed in “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene”. It included Northeast Asian ancient samples, which could be associated with horticulture or at least the incipient level of productive economy, namely:
There are a lot of flattering remarks directed towards the Late Palaeolithic – Early Neolithic site of Amur River’s Xiaonanshan in the Heilongjiang Province near the border with the Russia’s Oshipofka culture.
“The Niuheliang Temple of Heilongjiang”, “a pyramid on the Ussuri River”, “the fishing and hunting economy can also give birth to ancient civilization”: those are praises directed to the ancient Xiaonanshan site. Consequently, there are some calls to acknowledge a greater role of “the Amur hunter-gatherer-related” Tungus-Manchu nationalities in the formation of ancient civilization of the Chinese people.
The sensationalist article was published, which claims the insights into Xiaonanshan archaeological excavations from years 2018 and 2019, whose results have not been fully published yet. Interestingly, this article is more often dealt with by Western scientists than by scientists in China.
https://m.fx361.com/news/2021/0406/8062142.html
http://www.soolun.net/periodical/5aa...eff10bfe2.html
The article claims that very ancient agricultural remains were discovered at the Xiaonanshan site. Also the article reports the discovery of new tombs, covered with stone cairns, which date to a much older period than those ones that were reported previously.
What we have known before is that the age of new Xiaonanshan pottery remains was determined at ca. 14000 years ago by the previous new excavation, making the Xiaonanshan culture independent of the neighbouring Russian Oshipofka culture. The age of pottery 14000 years ago is consistent with AR14K-related populations, who were viewed as pottery makers in “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene”.
Also, what we have known before from the excavation of year 2015 is that the Xiaonanshan site yielded a collection of jade artifacts of a different type and earliar age than the type and age of Xinkailiu/Xinglongwa jade artifacts. The Xinkailiu-like/Xinglongwa-like jade artifacts only appeared at the Xiaonanshan site later.
Interstingly, the question of the Xiaonanshan jade (nephrite) culture was addressed by “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene”.
“ The earliest archaeological occurrence of nephrite has been identified at the Xiaonanshan site, dating to ca. 9 ka (Jiamusi Cultural Relics Management Station and Raohe County Cultural Relics Management Institute, 1996; Zhao et al., 2013), also in the Amur region, signaling not only the exploitation of this new resource, but also, potentially, the establishment of trade networks, further enhancing nascent regional social connections (Heilongjiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology Commission for Preservation of Ancient Monuments, Raohe County, 2019).”
[1] The sample from the Boisman culture, where aquaculture was practiced;
[2] Shamanka_EN mtDNA D4e female sample. In the Kitoi culture an agricultural rite was recently reported by Mongolic archaeologists;
[3] The yDNA C2-M217/mtDNA D4h4 sample from the Tamsagbulag culture, related to the Early Neolithic “proto-agriculture” on the Mongolian Plateau;
[4] The Yumin sample, belonging to mtDNA C5d. This sample is related to bearers of microblade traditions of North China. However, it is also thought inChina that the so-called “Yumin culture” started to be engaged in incipient forms of animal husbandry, that is, some steps in the direction of productive economy had already been made by Yumin-related population. Moreover, mtDNA C5 was reported from the European Neolithic Farmer Starčevo–Körös–Criș culture in “HVS-I polymorphism screening of ancient human mitochondrial DNA provides evidence for N9a discontinuity and East Asian haplogroups in the Neolithic Hungary” along with the Native American-related haplogroup mtDNA D1 from the Alföld Linear Pottery culture in the same article.
The mentioned cline is independent in “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene”. The dominant male haplogroup of the “Xiaonanshan civilization” should have been yDNA C2-M217. However, it is quite obvious that some “Xiaonanshan-related” samples also had influences from China, especially as far as jade culture is concerned, which is thought to be independently developed in China (in the Yellow River basin, but also in the Yangtze River basin). Since the Native American-related mtDNA D1 also appeared in association with a group of potentially “Xiaonanshan-associated” ancient individuals, it is quite likely that some of “Xiaonanshan-associated” populations migrated closer to America along the Pacific Coast and interacted with populations, akin to Native Americans. There are even some clues, with bearers of which Native American languages those ancient “Xiaonanshan-affiliated” individuals started to interact: such languages had already been distributed in South America during the historical period, but some languages in Eurasia are thought to have such a substratum. Consequently, it is not surprising that even the Native American Karitiana individuals from South America acquired a special component, which is characteristic of some East Asians. Consequently, if two populations both share DNA with the bearers of the “Xiaonanshan civilization”, their affinity to each other should be decreased, when the Karitiana are used as an outgroup, because the Karitiana also have DNA from “Xiaonanshan-affiliated” individuals.
In “Mitogenome evidence shows two radiation events and dispersals of matrilineal ancestry from northern coastal China to the Americas and Japan”, they suggested the association of the East Asian/Palaeosiberian/Neosiberian mtDNA D4h with yDNA C2-M217. Indeed, those haplogroups have been found together during the later period. Moreover, the “Xiaonanshan-affiliated” Tamsagbulag individual is also yDNA C2-M217/mtDNA D4h4.
It is usually thought that yDNA C2-M217 (especially the northern C2-L1373) was unidirectionally influenced by various Western Eurasian populations. However, the association of yDNA C2-M217 (especially the northern C2-L1373) and mtDNA D4h is being promoted in China, because not all, but at least a few mtDNA D4h-rich Native American populations do have their languages clustering as an outgroup not to African Afroasiatic, but to all Western Eurasian languages (except for the Nihali) in Jager, 2017, which means that some other mtDNA D4h-rich populations, related to yDNA C2-M217 bearers, could have also interacted linguistically with Western Eurasians. The framework, such as “the Xiaonanshan Civilization”, should have helped their populations. “Ancient Mitogenomes Reveal the Origins and Genetic Structure of the Neolithic Shimao Population in Northern China” pointed to the mutation T13812C for those “contacts” for the “Xiaonanshan Civilization”:
T13812C M24b
T13812C D1af
T13812C D4o2
T13812C D5b4a1a
T13812C F1a1a1ab
T13812C F4b1b
T13812C K1-a14a
However, the “Xiaonanshan civilization” was too ancient, and other haplogroups, than yDNA C2-M217, contributing to the “Xiaonanshan civilization”, died out, because they were much less numerous. In China, only died out branches were reported from the most ancient DNA from the area on the way to the Xiaonanshan’s Raohe County.
In “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene”, it is shown that modern yDNA N-M46-related samples (they all are derived from the component, contained in the ancient East Asian Xiaojingshan) are not directly related to ancient mtDNA D4h-related populations. Consequently, their ancient languages should have been different from the languages of yDNA C2-M217/mtDNA D4h-related populations. In “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene”, though yDNA N-M2126 is better represented in that region today, an yDNA N-P43-related sample, an yDNA N-F4205 sample clustered together with samples, whose ancestors can be thought to originate on the territory of the Kingdom of Puyo, the language of which was Para-Japonic, according to Christopher J. Beckwith.
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Originally Posted by Ebizur
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