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The early Iron Age in France, Germany, and Switzerland, known as the West-Hallstattkreis, stands out as featuring the earliest evidence for supra-regional organisation north of the Alps. Often referred to as ‘early Celtic‘, suggesting tentative connections to later cultural phenomena, its societal and population structure remain enigmatic. Here, we present genomic and isotope data from 31 individuals from this context. We identify three biologically related groups spanning multiple elite burials as far as 100 km apart, supported by transregional individual mobility inferred from isotope data. These include a close biological relationship between two of the richest burial mounds of the Hallstatt culture. Bayesian modelling points to an avuncular relationship between the two individuals, which may suggest a practice of matrilineal dynastic succession in early Celtic elites. We show that their ancestry is shared on a broad geographic scale from Iberia throughout Central-Eastern Europe, undergoing decline after the late Iron Age.
https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/view/PRJEB73566
Code:Celtic:APG001_merged,0.112685,0.146236,0.048649,0.00646,0.054779,0.001394,-0.000235,0.010153,0.010022,0.014761,0.000812,0.010041,-0.024975,-0.007707,0.003664,-0.00769,-0.019688,0.004561,0.00352,-0.002001,0.000499,0.00272,0.004314,0.002048,-0.001078 Celtic:APG002,0.111547,0.145221,0.046386,0.021318,0.038776,0.000837,0.003525,-0.002769,0.011249,0.022962,0.008769,0.007493,-0.014123,-0.008257,0.003936,0.004773,0.007693,-0.001394,-0.002137,-0.004627,0.007362,-0.000124,-0.006655,-0.005663,0.003592 Celtic:APG003_merged,0.119514,0.139128,0.043369,0.02261,0.044316,0.018965,-0.00423,0.004846,0.014726,0.019135,-0.007145,0.003897,-0.007433,-0.006744,-0.000679,-0.006099,-0.01017,-0.003547,0.003017,-0.003627,0.008235,0.015828,-0.00419,-0.003253,-0.003832 Celtic:HEU001,0.132035,0.149283,0.062225,0.013566,0.058165,0.008925,0.004465,0.001154,0.018203,0.031345,-0.006496,0.001049,-0.013974,-0.013762,0.005972,-0.00305,-0.001434,0.003167,0.003017,0.00025,-0.00549,0.004946,-0.002465,0.002048,-0.003712 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Celtic:LWB003,0.124067,0.142174,0.046386,0.018734,0.044624,0.001952,0.002115,0.002538,0.012067,0.013303,-0.007795,0.007643,-0.009366,-0.008395,0.008415,-0.000663,-0.000391,-0.002407,-0.004525,-0.006378,0.003993,0.003462,-0.002095,0.001446,-0.001197 Celtic:MBG003,0.133173,0.140143,0.057322,0.021964,0.055703,0.005857,0.00094,0.009,0.014112,0.022415,0.000974,0.006145,-0.012042,-0.023671,0.01045,0.022673,0.008084,0.011655,0.001131,0.007879,0.00262,0.005317,0.003821,0.000241,-0.006107 Celtic:MBG004,0.136588,0.149283,0.037712,-0.000969,0.048009,-0.009482,0.004935,-0.003231,0.01493,0.032802,-0.002111,0.012889,-0.0278,-0.007156,-0.002443,-0.000796,0.002868,0.007348,-0.00088,-0.000625,0.006239,-0.008903,0.003204,-0.003012,0.000359 Celtic:MBG005,0.130897,0.145221,0.057322,0.019703,0.041546,-0.007809,0.007285,0.002538,0.013703,0.03098,-0.007957,0.007643,-0.02111,-0.006744,0.006515,-0.003315,-0.019297,0.008488,0.020489,0.001,0.00262,0.002597,0.008134,-0.010122,-0.006347 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Celtic:MBG017,0.125205,0.144205,0.054305,0.013243,0.048009,0.010319,-0.003995,0.003231,0.009817,0.020228,-0.002598,0.005545,-0.010704,-0.00055,0.005836,-0.003447,-0.005346,-0.000253,0.008422,-0.002251,0.002745,0.004575,0.002958,0.008073,0.001197Code:Celtic,0.12345067,0.14251271,0.052294,0.019810667,0.046136708,0.0046482917,0.00072458333,0.00366325,0.01338775,0.022809875,-0.0030109583,0.0071249167,-0.015429875,-0.0082,0.0047897083,0.0038008333,0.000651875,0.000438125,0.0046194583,-0.001141125,0.0023187917,0.0040444583,0.000354375,-0.000492,-0.00064370833Code:Distance to: Celtic 0.01161263 French_Auvergne_(n=27) 0.01177486 French_Occitanie_(n=36) 0.01435703 French_Ardèche:EXPL0263 0.01686151 Titane_friend_scaled 0.01767648 E_M81_I3A_half-nephew_scaled 0.01806441 French_Vendée:EXPL0202 0.01863335 French_Maine-et-Loire:EXPL0236 0.01873778 E_M81_I3A_mother_scaled 0.01898821 CelticGerman_father-in-law_scaled 0.01902706 Swiss_French_(n=8) 0.01904415 CelticGerman_father-in-law_cousin_scaled 0.01927343 BelgianC_(n=15) 0.01928974 Swiss_German_(n=8) 0.01960178 French_Corrèze:EXPL0044 0.02008938 French_Paris_(n=11) 0.02009195 French_Charente-Maritime:EXPL0012 0.02011411 French_Vendée:EXPL0234 0.02015433 French_Sarthe:EXPL0120 0.02015624 French_Occitanie:T_46 0.02047547 BelgianC:5434289075_R01C01 0.02060498 French_Auvergne:C_21 0.02096215 BelgianC:5434289074_R03C01 0.02098059 French_Auvergne:C_82 0.02103034 French_Gironde:EXPL0241 0.02110907 French_Auvergne:C_37
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