Additional info on some yDNA N-M2019(N1a1a1a1a4) individuals,their route to Bhutan, Hongshan culture

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Archaeogenetic analysis revealed East Eurasian paternal origin to the Aba royal family of Hungary

Abstract

The Aba family played a pivotal role in the early history of Medieval Hungary dominating extensive territories and giving rise to influential figures. We conducted an archaeogenetic examination of remains uncovered at the necropolis in Abasar, the political centre of the Aba clan, to identify Aba family members and shed light on their genetic origins. Utilizing Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) data from 19 individuals, complemented by radiocarbon measurements, we identified 6 members of the Aba family who shared close kinship relations. Our analysis revealed that 4 males from this family carried identical N1a1a1a1a4~ haplogroups. Significantly, our phylogenetic investigation traced this royal paternal lineage back to Mongolia, strongly suggesting its migration to the Carpathian Basin with the conquering Hungarians. Genome analysis, incorporating ADMIXTURE, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and qpAdm, revealed East Eurasian patterns in the studied genomes, consistent with our phylogenetic results. Shared Identity by Descent (IBD) analysis confirmed the family kinship relations and shed light on further external kinship connections. It revealed that members of the Aba family were related to members of prominent Hungarian medieval noble families the Arpads, Bathorys and Corvinus as well as to the first-generation immigrant elite of the Hungarian conquest.

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...03.20.585718v1

In addition to individuals, mentioned in the above article, theytree.com pointed to the existence of the yDNA N1c-M2019* (N1a1a1a1a4) individual from Bhutan
https://www.theytree.com/tree/N-M2019



In “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene”, an existence of such an yDNA N1c-M2019* in Bhutan can be explained, when the cline is viewed, which encompassed the “Zuojiashan culture-related” AR7.3K_outlier (7300 years ago) (a location, providing an early route to earlier and more “archaic” individuals, migrating to Siberia), the Hongshan culture’s individual 5550-5050 years ago, the Even-related yDNA N1c-M46 individual (yDNA N1c-M2019 (N1a1a1a1a4) is the most widely distributed type of yDNA N-M231 among the Evens, though 2 cases of yDNA N-M2126* was also reported from them) and the geographically close to Bhutan Tibetan Shannan individual.

Since the Hongshan culture’s individual is 5550-5050 years old, it points to the interaction of yDNA N1c-M2126-related ancestors of yDNA N1c-M2019 individuals with the Hongshan culture. Additionally, the Even-related yDNA N1c-M46 individual clustered not far from the individuals of the Miaozigou culture, which is also 5550-5050 years old and which interacted with the Hongshan culture. Additionally, the Even-related yDNA N1c-M46 individual aligned with an mtDNA D4q ( https://www.yfull.com/mtree/D4q/ ) ancient individual as well as mtDNA D4* ancient individual from China on the PCA, which suggests that mtDNA D4q and mtDNa D4* could be observed in the population, ancestral to this Even-related yDNA N1c-M46 individual. The association of such yDNA D4* from China with an yDNA N1c-M2126-related individual resembles the case of ancient brn03 from Transbaikal, who was found to belong to mtDNA D4*.

It is of note that, on the PCA of “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene”, the Even-related yDNA N1c-M46 individual (yDNA N1c-M2019 (N1a1a1a1a4) is the most widely distributed type of yDNA N-M231 among the Evens, though 2 cases of yDNA N1c-M2126* was also reported from them) and an yDNA N1c-F4205-related individual both formed a cline, which included the ancient Shandong Xiaojingshan individual (8000-7700 years ago), whose DNA is important for the population history of yDNA N1c-M46-related populations in China. Xiaojingshan is an Early Neolithic settlement, where agriculture was already practiced. Cultures, deriving from the Zuojiashan culture, became a substratum for the Xituanshan culture, which contributed to the formation of the population of the Kingdom of Puyo.

In an earlier post, an earlier cline, similar to the described one (connecting the yDNA N1c-M2019-related population to Tibet), but distinct (since that earlier cline does not intersect the Tibetan Shannan individual) was described, and that cline comprised the 7000-year-old ancient individual, connected to yDNA D-M64-related Japan Jomon, AR7.3K_outlier and the Hongshan culture’s individual, but that cline did not pass through the Tibetan Shannan individual, located close to Bhutan, from where yDNA N1c-M2019 was reported. Starting from the Hongshan culture’s period, different populations used the route to Tibet via the Hongshan culture’s localization and ties (after the demise of the Hongshan culture 5000-4600 years ago, the location of one of the Hongshan’s most important temples in Niuheliang, was used till 0 AD, that is, till the beginning of the Christian era). The Hongshan culture is also considered a culture, which contributed to Altaic-related populations. The Hongshan culture’s influence, which reached the rice farming Lingjiatan culture of the Anhui Province, which contributed to the rice farming Liangzhu culture, should be considered responsible for mythological similarities, observed between some Tibetan, Japonic, Koreanic and Altaic populations. The Liangzhu culture’s Para-Austronesian yDNA O-M119-related population may be responsible for the introduction of a mythological motif of the birth of the ruler from an egg in some variants of myths, described below, whereas, in "Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago", a more modern Tibetic yDNA N-M1819 individual formed clines with yDNA O-M119 individuals, descending from the Hemudu culture, some of whom shared a component with the individuals, deriving from the later Liangzhu culture, which is similar for non-Tibetic yDNA N-M1819, whose representatives and relatives in Southern and Northern China shared components with individuals, deriving from both Liangzhu and ancestral Hemudu cultures of the Lower Yangtze river basin in "Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago".

In an article from year 1973, titled “Symbolism of “Descent” in Tibetan Sacred Kingship and Some East Asian Parallels”, the Japanese researcher Manabu Waida, who belonged to the Christian denomination and had migrated to Canada, pointed to similarities between the myth of Tenson Kōrin (describing the descent of the ancestor of the Japanese emperor to earth from the place of his celestial origin); one of myths of the Tibetan pre-Buddhist Bon traditions from the Tibetan Shannan locality (Yarlung) (mentioning that a different myth of the ruler’s celestial descent started the royal geneology on the early stone inscriptions in both Yarlung and non-Shannan Lhasa, and this myth involved “the descent from the zenith of the nine heavens upon earth by means of a rope which passed through the nine atmospheric levels”, where “nine heavens” would be more reminiscent of Buddhist traditions); and similar motives of the ruler’s celestial origin in mythologies of some ancient Korean states as well as in the mythology of the Altaic Buryat population.

[ Update: In the most precise variant, the mentioned earlier “Jomon”-AR7.3K_outlier-Hongshan-Tibet cline from “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene” ended in the point near the Tibetan Shannan individual, which aligned with HGDP01214 (https://www.theytree.com/tree/D-TYT221608) of yDNA D-ACT706 (https://www.yfull.com/tree/D-ACT7060/), distantly related to numerous Tibetic individuals as well as an individual from from Osaka (https://www.yfull.com/tree/D-PH4979/ or https://www.theytree.com/tree/D-PH4979 as well as https://www.yfull.com/tree/D-MF10280/) ]

Some quotes from “Symbolism of “Descent” in Tibetan Sacred Kingship and Some East Asian Parallels” by Manabu Waida
(…) Tibetan Symbolism of Descent
The sacred nature of the kings of ancient Tibet is closely related with the belief that the first mythical king descended from heaven to the summit of the mountain by means of a rope or a ladder in illo tempore. (…)
Japan and the Symbolism of Descent
(…)The foundation myth in ancient Japan is astonishingly similar to that in Tibet: in illo tempore the Goddess Amaterasu, together with the God Takaki (= Takamimusubi), ordered Ninigi her grandson to descend from heaven to the summit of Mount Takachiho on the “Central Land of Reed Plains” and there to assume sovereignty.(…)
(…) (iv) Suro of Karak ( Kaya )
(…) The foundation myth of Karak or Kaya is amazingly rich in mythical images and symbols. Let us recapitulate only some important points: (i) Suro, mythical founder of Great Karak, descends from heaven to the summit of Mount Kuji in order to found a nation, and his descent is based on the command of the celestial Being; (2) he descends by means of a purple rope; (3) there comes down a piece of crimson cloth covering six golden eggs, and the eggs are then placed on a carpet; and (4) Suro and others are born of the golden eggs shinning like the sun. (…) the word kuji of Mount Kuji on the summit of which Suro descends corresponds linguistically to the peak kujifuru (Kojiki and the 1st variant of the Nihongi ) and to kushibi (2nd and the 4th variants of the Nihongi) of Mount Takachiho on which Ninigi comes down from heaven(…) the carpet and the crimson cloth remind us strongly of that piece of cloth ( fusuma ) over the sacred bed on which the future emperor sleeps ritually in the Japanese enthronement ceremony as well as of that matoko-o-fusuma in Japanese mythology which is used for wrapping Ninigi when he descends from heaven to the summit of Mount Takachiho. (…)

Korean Foundation Myths (…)
(i) Tangun of Ancient Choson
The foundation myth of ancient Choson runs as follows: Hwang-in, the celestial Supreme Being, had a son called Hwang-wung. Hwang- wung was so full of ambition that he wanted to descend to the terrestial world and there establish a nation. Aware of his intension, his father permitted him to descend to the terrestial world, and at the same time he granted his son three items of the sacred regalia. Then Hwang-wung, accompanied by three functional deities controlling the wind, rain, and the clouds, and followed by three thousand other people, descended to the sacred tan tree on the summit of Mount Tehbaek and founded ancient Choson. Hwang-wung is also called Tangun (= prince of the tan tree) because he is supposed to have descended from heaven to the tree called tan. (…)
(ii) Pak Hyokkose of Silla
(…)The story similar to the Tangun myth of ancient Choson is also told of Pak Hyokkose who descended from heaven to a forest at the foot of the mountain and founded the kingdom of Silla (…)
(…)
(…) It is interesting to note in this connection that among the Mongol Buryat the following myth has been transmitted: in the beginning of the world the Highest Being ordered his grandson Gesir Bogdo to descend upon earth to be Khan. On that occasion, he agreed to follow the order on the condition that he be granted his “six wishes”.(…)

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The data from China on early human occupation sites can show that the “white areas” of China, which were marked as possibly less suitable for human occupation in Vallini et al, 2024 (“The Persian plateau served as hub for Homo sapiens after the main out of Africa dispersal”), were actually places, where real ancient human occupation sites were found, so these “white areas” were not an obstacle for human migrations.


As for a clue, which sort of DNA should be characteristic of an early yDNA NO-M214-related population, “Human genetic history on the Tibetan Plateau in the past 5100 years” pointed at a clue, such as the mtDNA mutation C14668T, which is shared by mtDNA N7 of Southern East Asia and Southeast Asia and mtDNA D4, one of the most abundant lineages in Northern East Asia, being also characterized by its ancient initial commonality with Western Eurasian mtDNA R0-related individuals:
C14668T R0a-a2b
C14668T N7
C14668T D4
C14668T B2a4a2a (Native Americans of mtDNA R)
C14668T L1c2a2a1a (a Madagascar’s Austronesian Malagasy-related population)
C14668T H79a3
C14668T Z2
C14668T H13a2c1a1c1
C14668T C4a2c2a
C14668T U5b1e1-a8
………………
C14668T L5a1b (Ust-Ishim-related..? Oase-related..?)
The Ust-Ishim-like component is shifted to some Africans in Vallini at al, 2024:

[Oasis]

Sample: S1961, 4239-4002 BCE, Y-DNA: N-Y9023*, mtDNA: A10a1*

mtDNA R9, a sister branch of mtDNA F, was reported in Zhang et al., 2020 from Yunnan, adjacent to the Yangtze River basin, from where ancient mtDNA F1a1’4 was reported from the Lower Yangtze River basin, while mtDNA F1b individuals, observed in China, carry the component of yDNA N-M231-related populations in “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene”, though mtDNA F1b is also observed in Siberia today. As for mtDNA A10, “Ancient Mitogenomes Reveal the Origins and Genetic Structure of the Neolithic Shimao Population in Northern China” points to a case of a more modern mtDNA A10 from Russia, which did not die out and which became a relative of the Mansi people. This reported lineage shares a mutation A9524G with a branch mtDNA A24 of mtDNA A+T152C+T16362C, which points to the area of the “Zuojiashan culture-related” population, such as AR7.3K_outlier of Northeast China, in the vicinity of which mtDNA F1b-related populations and mtDNA A+T152C+T16362C-related populations intersected. For example, another branch of mtDNA A+T152C+T16362C, such as mtDNA A22, was observed in the Lower Xiajiadian culture nearby. Consequently, the approximate order of marriages should have been the following: [1] mtDNA F1b (a lineage, distantly related to the Yangtze-related populations) => [2] mtDNA A+T152C+T16362C (for example, mtDNA A24, while these mtDNA A+T152C+T16362C lineages “activated” starting from Middle Neolithic and Late Neolithic of the Lower Xiajiadian culture) => [3] mtDNA A10 (the rarest and latest lineage).

The meaning of mtDNA F-related populations is not limited to the above mentioned information.

“Bronze and Iron Age population movements underlie Xinjiang population history” points to mutation C5348T, which is observed in mtDNA F1,F2,F3 in China, and mtDNA pre-F-related popultion should be ancient enough to participate in the formation of the Western Eurasian genetic drift, while its equally ancient mtDNA R9 sister branch was reported from Western Eurasia.

Moreover, in "40,000-Year-Old Individual from Asia Provides Insight into Early Population Structure in Eurasia" it was suggested that such an yDNA C1b-related individual as Western Eurasian Kostenki14 (or his more ancient ancestor) contributed to the Africans (namely, the trace of such a contribution can be attested in the yDNA B-rich Mbuti population in "40,000-Year-Old Individual from Asia Provides Insight into Early Population Structure in Eurasia"). Consequently, such a mutation as F4138, which is observed in the yDNA E-BY5468, a branch of yDNA E-V13, more distantly related to the Natufian lineages, should not be considered the legacy of the died-out yDNA B-related population, but instead can be considered the initially Eurasian legacy in African-related lineages:

− F4138 B-Y34339

− F4138 R-M198
− F4138 E-BY5468*

− F4138 E-Z17052
− F4138 I-Y6910
− F4138 I-FT256359
− F4138 J-Y155753
− F4138 J-FTB15396
− F4138 J-Y18404
− F4138 R-FTB73936
− F4138 R-A11360*
− F4138 R-FGC66737*
− F4138 R-BY20217