2
A good definition of Northern Europe is the parts of Europe that are further north than the southernmost point of the Baltic Sea:
Out of the countries and subnational governing bodies of Northern Europe, the largest by land area is Russia, followed by Sweden (about 450,000 km˛) and Komi Republic (about 426,000 km˛).
Most of those are pretty mild based on their yearly average temperature. Based on yearly average temperature data listed by Wikipedia, Reykjavik is the coldest Indo-European capital of Europe, but it is still warmer than any of the three Turkic capitals of Northern Europe (Kazan, Cheboksary, and Ufa):
Latitude Yearly
average
temperatureCity 67.7 -3.1 Naryan-Mar (Nenets Autonomous Okrug) 69.5 -2.3 Kárášjohka (Sápmi) 61.7 1.3 Syktyvkar (Komi Republic) 59.0 1.7 Kudymkar (Komi-Permyak Okrug) 56.9 3.0 Izhevsk (Udmurtia) 61.8 3.1 Petrozavodsk (Republic of Karelia) 56.6 3.2 Yoshkar-Ola (Mari El) 54.7 3.8 Ufa (Bashkortostan) 56.1 4.3 Cheboksary (Chuvashia) 55.8 4.6 Kazan (Tatarstan) 64.1 4.7 Reykjavik 54.2 5.3 Saransk (Mordovia) 60.1 5.7 Mariehamn (Ĺland Islands) 55.6 5.8 Moscow 60.1 5.9 Helsinki 59.5 5.9 Tallinn 57.0 6.1 Riga 54.7 6.7 Vilnius 59.9 6.8 Oslo 62.0 6.8 Tórshavn (Faroe Islands) 59.3 7.6 Stockholm 55.7 9.1 Copenhagen 55.9 9.3 Edinburgh
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