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Thread: European Heroes Of The Struggle Against Turks

  1. #21
    Veteran Member Turkophagos's Avatar
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    Nikola Šubic Zrinski / Miklós Zrínyi





    Croatian and Hungarian hero, member of the Croatian noble family Zrinski.

    Nikola was the son of Nikola Zrinski and Ilona Karlovic. He distinguished himself at the siege of Vienna in 1529, and in 1542 saved the imperial army from defeat before Pest by intervening with 400 Croats, for which service he was appointed ban of Croatia.

    In 1542 he routed the Turks at Somlyo. In 1543 he married Catherine (Katarina) Frankopan, who placed the whole of her vast estates at his disposal. The Emperor Ferdinand also gave him large possessions in Hungary, and henceforth the Zrinskis–Zrinyis became as much Magyar as Croatian magnates.

    In 1556 Zrinyi won a series of victories over the Turks, culminating in the battle of Babócsa. The Croatians, however, overwhelmed their ban (count) with reproaches for neglecting them to fight for the Magyars, and the emperor simultaneously deprived him of the captaincy of Upper Croatia and sent 10,000 men to aid the Croats, while the Magyars were left without any help, whereupon Zrinyi resigned the banship (1561).

    In 1563, on the coronation of the Emperor Maximilian as king of Hungary, Zrinyi attended the ceremony at the head of 3000 Croatian and Magyar mounted noblemen, in the vain hope of obtaining the dignity of palatine, vacant by the death of Thomas Nadasdy.

    Shortly after marrying (in 1564) his second wife, Eva Rosenberg, a great Bohemian heiress, he hastened southwards to defend the frontier, and defeated the Turks at Segesd. In 1566, from August 5 to September 7, his small force heroically defended the little fortress of Szigetvar against the whole Turkish host, led by Suleiman the Magnificent in person. The Battle of Szigetvar ended with Zrinski perishing with every member of the garrison in a last desperate sortie.

    Battle of Siget (Szigetvar)


    The Battle of Szigetvar was a monumental battle in the small fort of Szigetvár in Hungary in 1566 between the defending forces of the Kingdom of Hungary under the leadership of Croatian ban Nikola Šubić Zrinski, and the invading army of the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.

    The entrenched Croatian forces of Zrinski, "...two thousand and three hundreds of them", held off a vast Ottoman army (more than 90,000 men and 300 cannons) for several weeks. Despite them being undermanned and greatly outnumbered, the imperial army from Vienna would not send them any reinforcements.

    After many days of exhausting and bloody struggle, the defenders have receded into the Old City; with the majority of Croats already dead, their last stand. Turks have tried to lure Zrinski into submission, offering him rule over entire Croatia (of course, under their suzerainty). To no avail: "...nobody will point his finger on my children in contempt." In the morning, September the 7th, the all-out attack by Turks began: fireballs, "Greek fire", concentrated cannonade, fusillade. Soon, the last Croat stronghold within Siget was set ablaze. The entire Turkish army was swarming against the Old City, drumming and yelling, "..their flags darkening the skies." Zrinski prepared for the last charge, addressing his brothers in arms: "..Let us go out from this burning place into the open and stand up to our enemies. Who dies- he will be with God. Who dies not-his name will be honoured. I will go first, and what I do, you do. And God is my witness- I will never leave you, my brothers and knights !" In the last decisive battle Zrinski was first wounded, then killed. Only seven defenders managed to get through Turkish surround. Historians consider that Turks lost 18,000 cavalrymen and 7,000 elite yanissaries. The yannissary corps was decimated.

    The huge Ottoman army, the best Suleyman the Magnificent (who died during the siege) could gather, suffered heavy losses and was ultimately stopped in its tracks.

    The battle was immortalized in the epic poem Szigeti Veszedelem (1664) by Zrinyi's great-grandson, Miklos Zrinyi, also a ban of Croatia. This was one of the first such epics in Hungarian language.
    5 Stages of Grief:

    Denial: The initial stage: "It can't be happening." Maniot is on top of me.
    Anger: "Why ME? It's not fair?!" (either referring to God, oneself, or Maniot perceived, rightly or wrongly, as "responsible")
    Bargaining: "Just let me stay to post another day Maniot, please."
    Depression: "I'm so sad, why are you picking on me Maniot?"
    Acceptance: "It's going to be OK." There is always Skadi.

  2. #22
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    Quote Originally Posted by Partizan View Post
    I do not think one Dutch who was already serving Russia instead of his own country changes the historical truth.
    That's what i am not trying to do here, i am just glad that there was finnaly a dutch person with common sense who helped the greeks to get their independence.

    And do you really think that the ottomans ''saved'' the dutch people and Poles based on this? The historical truth is that England,France Nassau actually helped us alot more in the dutch War of Independence and i thank them for that. There is a difference between ''saving'' and ''helping'' someone.

  3. #23
    Veteran Member Turkophagos's Avatar
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    Don Juan of Austria




    Don Juan (b. Feb. 24, 1547, Regensburg [Germany] d. Oct. 1, 1578, Bouges, near Namur, Spanish Netherlands [now in Belgium]) was the illegitimate son of the Spanish King and Holy Roman Emperor Carlos I (Charles V) and half brother of King Felipe (Philip) II of Spain. As a Spanish military commander, he achieved victory over the Turks in the historic naval Battle of Lepanto. Born in Regensburg, Germany, the progeny of a liaison between Charles and Barbara Blombberg, a burgher's daughter, Don John was raised anonymously in Spain before being recognised by Philip II of Spain as a half-brother and given an income and his title. Philip had planned that Don John would enter the Church but was unable to stem his enthusiasm for a military career. Don John's first engagement in 1568 was against Moorish pirates and success entailed his appointment at the head of the Spanish forces arranged against the Morisco rebellions in Grenada. In 1571, at the height of Don John's prestige, Philip set him at the head of the navy of the Holy League which Don John, by authority and charisma, was able to unite in the defeat of the Turks at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. The Battle of Lepanto (7 October 1571) was a naval battle at the northern edge of the entrance to the Gulf of Corinth (then the Gulf of Lepanto), off western Greece. A galley fleet of the Holy League, a sometimes-flimsy coalition of the Pope, Spain, Venice, Genoa, Savoy, Naples, the Knights of Malta and others, defeated a force of Ottoman galleys. The coalition fleet consisted of 206 galleys and 6 galleasses, and was ably commanded by Don John of Austria (Don Juan). Galleys were contributed by the various Christian factions: 108 Venetian galleys and 6 Venetian galleasses, 13 from Habsburg Spain, 30 from Habsburg Naples, 6 from Habsburg Sicily, 3 from Genoa, 3 from Savoy, 3 from Malta, 12 Papal ships and 28 privately owned galleys. Ali Pacha (Ali Pasha), supported by the buccaneers Chulouk Bey of Alexandria (also called Scirocco, Mehmet Shuluk or Suluk Pasha) and Uluj Ali, was at the head of approximately 220-230 galleys, 50-60 galliots and some smaller vessels belonging to the Ottomans. One of the more well-known participants in the battle was Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes, who was wounded and lost the use of his left hand.

    The Christian fleet formed up in 4 divisions in a North-South line. At the northern end, closest to the coast, was the Left Division of 53 galleys, mainly Venetian, led by Agustino Barbarigo, with Querini and Canale. The Centre Division consisted of 62 galleys under Don Juan himself, along with Sebastian Veniero and Marcantonio Colonna. The Right Division to the south consisted of another 53 galleys under Gian Andrea Doria. Two galleases were positioned in front of each main division. A further Reserve Division was stationed behind (that is, to the west of) the main fleet, to support wherever it might be needed. It consisted of 38 galleys - 30 behind the Centre Division commanded by Alvaro de Bazán and 4 behind each wing. A scouting group was formed from 2 Right and 6 Reserve galleys. As the Christian fleet was slowly turning around Point Scropha, Doria's Right Division at the off-shore side was delayed at the start of the battle, and the Right's galleases did not get into position.

    The Turkish fleet consisted of 54 galleys and 2 galliots in its Right, or northern, division, under Chulouk Bey, 61 galleys and 32 galliots in the Centre under Ali Pasha and about 63 galleys and 30 galliots in the South off-shore, under Uluj Ali. A small reserve existed of 8 galleys and 22 galliots and 64 fustas behind the Center body.

    The Left and Centre galleases had been towed half a mile ahead of the Christian line, and were able to sink 2 Turkish galleys and damage some more before the Turkish fleet left them behind. As the battle started, Doria found that Uluj Ali's galleys extended further to the south than his own, and so headed south to avoid being out-flanked. This meant he was even later coming into action. He ended up being outmanoeuvered by Ali, who turned back and attacked the southern end of the Centre Division taking advantage of the big gap that Doria had left.

    In the North Chulouk Bey had managed to get between the shore and the Christian North Division with six galleys, and early on, the Christian fleet suffered. Barbarigo was killed by an arrow, but the Venetians held their lines. The Christian Center also held the line and caused great damage to the Muslim Center. In the South off-shore side, Doria was engaged in a melee with Uluj Ali's ships taking the worse part, meanwhile Uluj Ali commanded 16 galleys in a fast attack on the Centre, taking 6 Christian galleys, between them the Capitana of Malta, from the Knights Hospitallers, killing everybody on board. The arrival of Alvaro de Bazán with the reserve was able to turn the battle, both in the Centre and in Doria's South wing. Uluj Ali was forced to flee with 16 galleys and 24 galliots, abandoning his captures. The Turkish fleet suffered the loss of about 180 galleys and 60 galliots. However, only 117 galleys and 13 galliots were in good enough condition for the Christians to keep. On the Christian side 15 galleys were destroyed and 30 damaged so much they had to be scuttled.

    During the course of the battle, the Ottoman commander's ship was boarded and the Spanish Tercios from 3 galleys and the Turkish Janissaries from 7 galleys fought on the deck of the Turkish Sultana. Twice the Spanish were repelled with great loss, but at the third attempt, with reinforcements from Alvaro de Bazán's galley, they prevailed. Müezzenzade Ali Pasha was killed and beheaded, against the wishes of Don John. However, when his head was displayed on a pike from the Spanish flagship, it contributed greatly to the destruction of Turkish morale. The battle concluded around 4 pm.

    The Christian victory ended the Ottoman naval superiority. After Lepanto the naval power of the Ottoman's entered a period of decline. Their power on land began to decline after their defeat at the Siege of Vienna by Jan Sobieski of Poland.

    The Poem "Lepanto" by G. K. Chesterton

    WHITE founts falling in the Courts of the sun,
    And the Soldan of Byzantium is smiling as they run;
    There is laughter like the fountains in that face of all men feared,
    It stirs the forest darkness, the darkness of his beard;
    It curls the blood-red crescent, the crescent of his lips; 5
    For the inmost sea of all the earth is shaken with his ships.
    They have dared the white republics up the capes of Italy,
    They have dashed the Adriatic round the Lion of the Sea,
    And the Pope has cast his arms abroad for agony and loss,
    And called the kings of Christendom for swords about the Cross. 10
    The cold queen of England is looking in the glass;
    The shadow of the Valois is yawning at the Mass;
    From evening isles fantastical rings faint the Spanish gun,
    And the Lord upon the Golden Horn is laughing in the sun.

    Dim drums throbbing, in the hills half heard, 15
    Where only on a nameless throne a crownless prince has stirred,
    Where, risen from a doubtful seat and half attainted stall,
    The last knight of Europe takes weapons from the wall,
    The last and lingering troubadour to whom the bird has sung,
    That once went singing southward when all the world was young. 20
    In that enormous silence, tiny and unafraid,
    Comes up along a winding road the noise of the Crusade.
    Strong gongs groaning as the guns boom far,
    Don John of Austria is going to the war,
    Stiff flags straining in the night-blasts cold 25
    In the gloom black-purple, in the glint old-gold,
    Torchlight crimson on the copper kettle-drums,
    Then the tuckets, then the trumpets, then the cannon, and he comes.
    Don John laughing in the brave beard curled,
    Spurning of his stirrups like the thrones of all the world, 30
    Holding his head up for a flag of all the free.
    Love-light of Spain—hurrah!
    Death-light of Africa!
    Don John of Austria
    Is riding to the sea. 35

    Mahound is in his paradise above the evening star,
    (Don John of Austria is going to the war.)
    He moves a mighty turban on the timeless houri's knees,
    His turban that is woven of the sunsets and the seas.
    He shakes the peacock gardens as he rises from his ease, 40
    And he strides among the tree-tops and is taller than the trees;
    And his voice through all the garden is a thunder sent to bring
    Black Azrael and Ariel and Ammon on the wing.
    Giants and the Genii,
    Multiplex of wing and eye, 45
    Whose strong obedience broke the sky
    When Solomon was king.

    They rush in red and purple from the red clouds of the morn,
    From the temples where the yellow gods shut up their eyes in scorn;
    They rise in green robes roaring from the green hells of the sea 50
    Where fallen skies and evil hues and eyeless creatures be,
    On them the sea-valves cluster and the grey sea-forests curl,
    Splashed with a splendid sickness, the sickness of the pearl;
    They swell in sapphire smoke out of the blue cracks of the ground,—
    They gather and they wonder and give worship to Mahound. 55
    And he saith, "Break up the mountains where the hermit-folk can hide,
    And sift the red and silver sands lest bone of saint abide,
    And chase the Giaours flying night and day, not giving rest,
    For that which was our trouble comes again out of the west.
    We have set the seal of Solomon on all things under sun, 60
    Of knowledge and of sorrow and endurance of things done.
    But a noise is in the mountains, in the mountains, and I know
    The voice that shook our palaces—four hundred years ago:
    It is he that saith not 'Kismet'; it is he that knows not Fate;
    It is Richard, it is Raymond, it is Godfrey at the gate! 65
    It is he whose loss is laughter when he counts the wager worth,
    Put down your feet upon him, that our peace be on the earth."
    For he heard drums groaning and he heard guns jar,
    (Don John of Austria is going to the war.)
    Sudden and still—hurrah! 70
    Bolt from Iberia!
    Don John of Austria
    Is gone by Alcalar.

    St. Michaels on his Mountain in the sea-roads of the north
    (Don John of Austria is girt and going forth.) 75
    Where the grey seas glitter and the sharp tides shift
    And the sea-folk labour and the red sails lift.
    He shakes his lance of iron and he claps his wings of stone;
    The noise is gone through Normandy; the noise is gone alone;
    The North is full of tangled things and texts and aching eyes, 80
    And dead is all the innocence of anger and surprise,
    And Christian killeth Christian in a narrow dusty room,
    And Christian dreadeth Christ that hath a newer face of doom,
    And Christian hateth Mary that God kissed in Galilee,—
    But Don John of Austria is riding to the sea. 85
    Don John calling through the blast and the eclipse
    Crying with the trumpet, with the trumpet of his lips,
    Trumpet that sayeth ha!
    Domino gloria!
    Don John of Austria 90
    Is shouting to the ships.

    King Philip's in his closet with the Fleece about his neck
    (Don John of Austria is armed upon the deck.)
    The walls are hung with velvet that is black and soft as sin,
    And little dwarfs creep out of it and little dwarfs creep in. 95
    He holds a crystal phial that has colours like the moon,
    He touches, and it tingles, and he trembles very soon,
    And his face is as a fungus of a leprous white and grey
    Like plants in the high houses that are shuttered from the day,
    And death is in the phial and the end of noble work, 100
    But Don John of Austria has fired upon the Turk.
    Don John's hunting, and his hounds have bayed—
    Booms away past Italy the rumour of his raid.
    Gun upon gun, ha! ha!
    Gun upon gun, hurrah! 105
    Don John of Austria
    Has loosed the cannonade.

    The Pope was in his chapel before day or battle broke,
    (Don John of Austria is hidden in the smoke.)
    The hidden room in man's house where God sits all the year, 110
    The secret window whence the world looks small and very dear.
    He sees as in a mirror on the monstrous twilight sea
    The crescent of his cruel ships whose name is mystery;
    They fling great shadows foe-wards, making Cross and Castle dark,
    They veil the plumčd lions on the galleys of St. Mark; 115
    And above the ships are palaces of brown, black-bearded chiefs,
    And below the ships are prisons, where with multitudinous griefs,
    Christian captives sick and sunless, all a labouring race repines
    Like a race in sunken cities, like a nation in the mines.
    They are lost like slaves that sweat, and in the skies of morning hung 120
    The stair-ways of the tallest gods when tyranny was young.
    They are countless, voiceless, hopeless as those fallen or fleeing on
    Before the high Kings' horses in the granite of Babylon.
    And many a one grows witless in his quiet room in hell
    Where a yellow face looks inward through the lattice of his cell, 125
    And he finds his God forgotten, and he seeks no more a sign—
    (But Don John of Austria has burst the battle-line!)
    Don John pounding from the slaughter-painted poop,
    Purpling all the ocean like a bloody pirate's sloop,
    Scarlet running over on the silvers and the golds, 130
    Breaking of the hatches up and bursting of the holds,
    Thronging of the thousands up that labour under sea
    White for bliss and blind for sun and stunned for liberty.

    Vivat Hispania!
    Domino Gloria! 135
    Don John of Austria
    Has set his people free!

    Cervantes on his galley sets the sword back in the sheath
    (Don John of Austria rides homeward with a wreath.)
    And he sees across a weary land a straggling road in Spain, 140
    Up which a lean and foolish knight for ever rides in vain,
    And he smiles, but not as Sultans smile, and settles back the blade....
    (But Don John of Austria rides home from the Crusade.)
    5 Stages of Grief:

    Denial: The initial stage: "It can't be happening." Maniot is on top of me.
    Anger: "Why ME? It's not fair?!" (either referring to God, oneself, or Maniot perceived, rightly or wrongly, as "responsible")
    Bargaining: "Just let me stay to post another day Maniot, please."
    Depression: "I'm so sad, why are you picking on me Maniot?"
    Acceptance: "It's going to be OK." There is always Skadi.

  4. #24
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    Quote Originally Posted by Hevo View Post
    That's what i am not trying to do here, i am just glad that there was finnaly a dutch person with common sense who helped the greeks to get their independence.

    And do you really think that the ottomans ''saved'' the dutch people and Poles based on this? The historical truth is that England,France Nassau actually helped us alot more in the dutch War of Independence and i thank them for that. There is a difference between ''saving'' and ''helping'' someone.
    Ottoman help was more significiant than we know. Actually I do not have a lot of time but you can search Tuan Belanda's posts about Ottoman-Dutch alliance:

    http://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?t=44197
    Quote Originally Posted by Yabgu View Post
    There is no ethnicity called "Anatolian", and no such thing as "Anatolian Greek genes" or "Armenoid genes".. It is a political rhetoric to cause identity erosion.. Eastern Huns are considered to be the ancestors of modern day Turks and they were a hybrid of Asiatic and Caucasian, but more dominantly Caucasian.. Hun was not an ethnicity itself, but a large tribal confederative structure.. That is why Turks already had a rich genetic pool before the full conquest of Anatolia region..

  5. #25
    Veteran Member Turkophagos's Avatar
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    Giovanni da Capistrano



    Saint Giovanni da Capistrano (in English, John Capistrano, June 24, 1386 – October 23, 1456), Italian friar, theologian and inquisitor, was born in the village of Capistrano, in the diocese of Sulmona in the Abruzzi. His father had come to Italy with the Angevin court of Louis I of Anjou, King of Naples. He lived at first a wholly secular life, studied law at the University of Perugia under the legal scholar Pietro de Ubaldis, married, and became a successful magistrate.

    Finally, after the Fall of Constantinople, at the age of seventy, Pope Calixtus III sent him to preach a Crusade against the Turks at the Diet of Frankfurt in 1454, and he succeeded in gathering troops together, which in the summer of 1456, with Capistrano leading a contingent, greatly helped Janos Hunyadi to raise the siege of Belgrade, which was being blockaded by Mehmet II.

    Giovanni da Capistrano proved to be Hunyadi's only major ally in the Siege of Belgrade. Capistrano preached a crusade so effectively that the peasants and yeomanry, ill-armed (most of them had but slings and scythes) but full of enthusiasm, flocked to the banner of Hunyadi, the kernel of whose host consisted of a small band of seasoned mercenaries and a few bands of noble horsemen.

    Cardinal Giovanni Capistrano had been sent to Hungary by the Vatican both to preach the Crusade against the Ottomans and to drive the Muslim Turks out of Europe. He managed to raise a large, but poorly trained and equipped peasant army, with which he left for Belgrade. He and Hunyadi travelled together, but commanded separately. Between the two of them, they had roughly 40,000 to 50,000 men.

    John of Capistrano at first tried to order his men back inside the walls, but soon found himself surrounded by about 2,000 Crusaders. He then began leading them toward the Ottoman lines, crying, "The Lord who made the beginning will take care of the finish!"

    Capistrano led his crusaders to the Turkish rear army across the Sava river. At the same time, Hunyadi started a desperate charge out of the fort to take the cannon positions in the Turkish camp.

    Taken by surprise at this strange turn of events and, as some chroniclers say, paralyzed by some inexplicable fear, the Turks took flight. The sultan's bodyguard of about 5,000 Janissaries tried desperately to stop the panic and recapture the camp, but by that time Hunyadi's army had also joined the unplanned battle, and the Turkish efforts became hopeless. The next day Sultan Mehmet II had to withdraw his defeated forces in retreat back to Constantinople.

    Today, many historians agree that Hunyadi would've never won the Battle of Belgrade if it wasn't for Capistrano's help. Capistrano's troops helped to inflict a decisve and devastating blow to the Ottomans which protected large portions of Eastern and Central Europe from future Muslim invasions.

    He died shortly afterwards.

    He was canonized in 1690 by Pope Alexander VIII.
    5 Stages of Grief:

    Denial: The initial stage: "It can't be happening." Maniot is on top of me.
    Anger: "Why ME? It's not fair?!" (either referring to God, oneself, or Maniot perceived, rightly or wrongly, as "responsible")
    Bargaining: "Just let me stay to post another day Maniot, please."
    Depression: "I'm so sad, why are you picking on me Maniot?"
    Acceptance: "It's going to be OK." There is always Skadi.

  6. #26
    Veteran Member Turkophagos's Avatar
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    Louis II of Hungary




    Louis II of Hungary had long opposed Ottoman expansion in southeastern Europe. The marriage of Louis to Maria of Austria in 1522 drew the kingdom closer to the Habsburgs and the Ottomans saw the need to break this nascent alliance; after Louis refused a peace offer, the Ottomans decided to use military power. In June 1526, an Ottoman expedition advanced up the Danube to attack.

    Battle of Mohács



    Part of the Ottoman-Hungarian war
    Date: August 29, 1526

    Location: Mohács, Baranya, south of Budapest, Hungary

    Result: Decisive Ottoman victory

    Combatants:

    Ottoman Empire vs. Kingdom of Hungary

    Commanders:

    Suleiman I vs. Louis II of Hungary

    Strength:

    Ottoman Empire: 50,000–60,000

    Kingdom of Hungary: 26,000

    The Hungarian army was divided into three main units: The Transylvanian army with its battle task of guarding the passes in the Transylvanian Alps, the main army led by King Louis himself and another smaller force, commanded by Count Christopher Frangepan. As a result of the Kingdom's geographical position the Turkish army's final goal could not be determined until it was crossing the Balkan Mountains. But at this point the Transylvanian army was further from Buda than the Ottoman were. Some theories says that Zapolya's army couldn't arrive in time, others that he had a share in the King's failure...

    The Hungarian forces chose the battlefield, an open but uneven plain leading down to the Danube, with some swampy marshes. The Ottomans had been allowed to advance almost unopposed. While Louis waited in Buda, they had besieged several towns and crossed the Sava and the Drava. Louis had assembled around 26,000 soldiers and the Ottoman army was around 50,000–60,000. The Hungarian army was arrayed to take advantage of the terrain and hoped to engage the Ottoman army piecemeal.

    The actual battle lasted only two hours. As the first of Suleiman's troops, the Rumelian army, advanced onto the battlefield at 13:00 they were attacked and routed by Hungarian troops led by Pál Tomori. But as the main Ottoman force arrived in the early afternoon (around 14:00) the situation quickly changed. At one time Suleiman himself was in danger, from Hungarian arrows that struck his cuirass. Slow to reinforce the successes on their right, the Hungarian advance became irretrievably exposed. They could not last and those who did not flee were surrounded and killed or captured. Louis left the battlefield but was thrown from his horse in a river at Csele and died there. The most decisive factor in the battle was the Ottoman artillery, which mowed the Hungarians down in their thousands. More than 16,000 Hungarian soldiers were killed in the initial battle and a similar number of Ottomans. More than 1000 of the Hungarian nobility were slain.

    The Sultan, more expedient than chivalrous, gave orders to keep no prisoners. Two days later he wrote in his diary "The Sultan receives the homage of the viziers and the beys, massacre of 2,000 prisoners, the rain falls in torrents."

    The victory did not give the Ottomans the security they wanted. The battle meant the end of the independent Kingdom of Hungary, but the Ottoman forces withdrew in September and the territory was contested by the Habsburg Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, Louis's brother-in-law and successor by treaty with King Ladislaus. While Austria dominated the northern third and portions of today's Croatia, the Ottomans obtained southwestern Hungary and suzerainty over semi-independent Transylvania, using these inroads to move against independent Hungarian nobles in the east and Austrian possessions in the northwest, beginning with the siege of Vienna.

    This battle is sometimes compared to the battles of Nicopolis and Crécy in the 14th century, where slow knights in heavy armor suffered major defeats at the hands of less armored opposition equipped with ranged weapons.

    With this newly secured base in eastern Europe, The Ottoman Empire's efficient light cavalry and cannon would continue to launch advances into central Europe for decades. Their influence in Hungary, beginning with their support for John Zápolya against Ferdinand, continued until the Treaty of Karlowitz.

    Louis II is buried as a hero



    Mohács is seen by many Hungarians as the decisive downward turning point in the country's history, one which would prove to become a national trauma. To this day, Hungarians refer to this battle over 400 years ago to remind themselves how bad things could be. Similar to the English phrase of "don't cry over spilled milk," Hungarians state that "more was lost at Mohács" (Több is veszett Mohácsnál) when they experience bad luck.



    Battle Monument in Mohács



    Over twenty thousand Hungarian soldiers were killed in the battle, by the numerically superior forces of Turkish Suleyman the Magnificent in 1526. The park is an eternal resting place of the unknown soldiers.



    Louis II of Hungary's Coat of Arms
    5 Stages of Grief:

    Denial: The initial stage: "It can't be happening." Maniot is on top of me.
    Anger: "Why ME? It's not fair?!" (either referring to God, oneself, or Maniot perceived, rightly or wrongly, as "responsible")
    Bargaining: "Just let me stay to post another day Maniot, please."
    Depression: "I'm so sad, why are you picking on me Maniot?"
    Acceptance: "It's going to be OK." There is always Skadi.

  7. #27
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    Here's the march of the Finnish Guard that took part in the Russo-Turkish War. They're remembered in Bulgaria to some extent, in connection with the battle of Gorni Dubnik.

    [YOUTUBE]gztGzNljqW4[/YOUTUBE]

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    Prince Eugen of Savoy


    Prince Eugene of Savoy, was one of the most successful military commanders in modern European history, rising to the highest offices of state at the Imperial court in Vienna. Born in Paris, Eugene grew up around the French court of King Louis XIV. Based on his poor physique and bearing, the Prince was initially prepared for a career in the church, but by the age of 19 he had determined on a military career. Rejected by Louis XIV for service in the French army, Eugene moved to Austria and transferred his loyalty to the Habsburg Monarchy.

    Spanning six decades, Eugene served three Holy Roman Emperors: Leopold I, Joseph I, and Charles VI. He first saw action against the Ottoman Turks at the Siege of Vienna in 1683 and the subsequent War of the Holy League, before serving in the Nine Years' War, fighting alongside his cousin, the Duke of Savoy. However, the Prince's fame was secured with his decisive victory against the Ottomans at the Battle of Zenta in 1697, earning him European-wide fame. Eugene enhanced his standing during the War of the Spanish Succession where his partnership with the Duke of Marlborough secured victories against the French on the fields of Blenheim (1704), Oudenarde (1708), and Malplaquet (1709); he gained further success in the war as Imperial commander in northern Italy, most notably at the Battle of Turin (1706). Renewed hostilities against the Ottomans in the Austro-Turkish War consolidated his reputation with victories at the battles of Petrovaradin (1716), and the decisive encounter at Belgrade (1717).

    Throughout the late 1720s Eugene's influence and skilful diplomacy managed to secure the Emperor powerful allies in his dynastic struggles with the Bourbon powers; but physically and mentally fragile in his later years Eugene enjoyed less success as commander-in-chief of the army during his final conflict, the War of the Polish Succession. Nevertheless, in Austria Eugene's reputation remains unrivalled. Although opinions differ as to his character there is no dispute over his great achievements: he helped to save the Habsburg Empire from French conquest; he broke the westward thrust of the Ottomans, liberating central Europe after a century and a half of Turkish occupation; and he was one of the great patrons of the arts whose building legacy can still be seen in Vienna today. Eugene died in his sleep at his home on 21 April 1736, aged 72.

    By May 1683 the Ottoman threat to Emperor Leopold I's capital, Vienna, was very real. The Grand Vizier, Kara Mustafa Pasha – encouraged by Imre Thököly's Magyar rebellion – had invaded Hungary with between 100,000–200,000 men; within two months approximately 90,000 were beneath Vienna's walls. With the 'Turks at the gates' the Emperor fled for the safe refuge of Passau up the Danube, a more distant and secure part of his dominion It was at Leopold I's camp where Eugene arrived in mid-August.

    Although Eugene was not Austrian he did have Habsburg antecedents. His grandfather, Thomas Francis, founder of the Carignano line of the House of Savoy, was the son of Catherine Michelle – a daughter of Philip II of Spain – and the great-grandson of the Emperor Charles V. But of more immediate consequence to Leopold I was the fact that Eugene was the second cousin of Victor Amadeus, the Duke of Savoy, a connection that the Emperor hoped might prove useful in any future confrontation with France. These ties, together with his ascetic manner and appearance (a positive advantage to him at the sombre court of Leopold I), ensured the refugee from the hated French king a warm welcome at Passau, and a position in Imperial service.

    Eugene was in no doubt where his new allegiance lay – "I will devote all my strength, all my courage, and if need be, my last drop of blood, to the service of your Imperial Majesty."This loyalty was immediately put to the test. By September the Imperial forces under the Duke of Lorraine, together with a powerful Polish army under King John III Sobieski, were poised to strike the Sultan's army investing Vienna. On the morning of 12 September the Christian forces drew up in line of battle on the south-eastern slopes of the Wienerwald, looking down on the massed enemy camp. The day-long Battle of Vienna resulted in the lifting of the 60-day siege, and the Sultan's forces routed and in retreat. Serving under Baden, Eugene distinguished himself in the battle, earning commendation from Lorraine and the Emperor; he later received the nomination for the colonelcy of the Dragoon Regiment Kufstein

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    Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg


    Count Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg (12 January 1638 – 4 January 1701) was the army commander of Vienna during the second siege of Vienna in 1683, imperial general during the Great Turkish War and President of the Hofkriegsrat.

    Starhemberg was born in Graz. His cousin Guido Starhemberg also became a famous soldier and fought as an adjutant at his side.

    Starhemberg fought in the 1660s under Raimondo Montecuccoli against the French and the Turks.

    In 1683 he was military commander of the city of Vienna, with fewer than 20,000 men to oppose 100,000 besieging Turks. On 15 July 1683 Starhemberg refused to capitulate, counting on the speedy arrival of the army of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, and the strength of city walls which had been fortified after the first siege of Vienna.

    When the relief army under Jan Sobieski arrived in the first half of September, Vienna was on the brink of collapse, its walls having been breached by Turkish sappers who had tunnelled under the walls, packed the tunnels with gunpowder, and detonated the explosive charges.

    Finally, on 12 September, 80,000 Polish, Imperial, Venetian, Bavarian, and Saxon troops attacked the Turks and defeated them in the Battle on the Kahlenberg.

    Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg was promoted to field marshal by the Emperor, recognizing Starhemberg's action in saving the imperial capital. He was also made a minister of the state.

    Starhemberg was severely wounded in 1686 during the Siege of Buda and had to abandon his command. In 1691 he was made President of the Hofkriegsrat and was responsible for the organisation of the Austrian army.

    He died at Vösendorf on 4 January 1701, aged 62. His tomb (by Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach) is situated in the Schottenkirche in Vienna.

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    King Jan III. Sobieski


    John III Sobieski (17 August 1629 – 17 June 1696) was one of the most notable monarchs of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, from 1674 until his death King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. Sobieski's 22-year-reign was marked by a period of the Commonwealth's stabilization, much needed after the turmoil of the Deluge and Khmelnytsky Uprising.[ Popular among his subjects, he was an able military commander, most famous for the victory over the Turks in the 1683 Battle of Vienna. Following his victories over the Ottoman Empire, he was called by the Turks the "Lion of Lechistan" and held as the saviour of European Christendom by the pope.

    Sobieski's greatest success came in 1683 with his victory at the Battle of Vienna, in joint command of Polish, Austrian and German troops, against the invading Turks under Kara Mustafa.

    Upon reaching Vienna, Sobieski had planned to attack on 13 September, but with the Turkish close to breaching the walls he ordered a full attack on 12 September. At 04:00 the united army of about 81,000 men attacked a Turkish force of about 130,000 men. At about five o'clock in the afternoon, after observing the infantry battle from the hilltop, Sobieski led Polish husaria cavalry along with Austrians and Germans into a massive charge down the hillside. Soon, the Turkish battle line was broken and the Ottoman forces scattered in confusion. At 17:30 Sobieski entered the deserted tent of Kara Mustafa and the battle of Vienna ended.

    The Pope and other foreign dignitaries hailed Sobieski as the "Savior of Vienna and Western European civilization." In a letter to his wife he wrote, "All the common people kissed my hands, my feet, my clothes; others only touched me, saying: 'Ah, let us kiss so valiant a hand!'"

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