European Heroes Of The Struggle Against Turks

[hunzsombor]

As a Hungarian I felt it my duty to post here the most known Turk-defeater in Hungary because thousands of Hungarians gave their lifes to protect Europe from the Islamic attack and more suffered for hundreds of years to keep the European-Christian culture in safe. I think you could not hear about him very much but I would like to introduce him to you as he did a very heroic win that is still a symbol of Hungarian superiorty.

István Dobó

Dobó was born in 1502 (not exactly known) in North-Hungary, in the Felvidék (i could translate it like Upper lands or Highland) that we call today (sadly) Slovakia. He was an upstanding boy of the landowner family, a really honourable son of Domonkos Dobó. His mother was Czékei Zsófia who gave life to another five children, Ferenc, László, Domonkos, Anna and Katalin.

After the battle of Mohács he was a supporter of Ferdinand. In 1548 he became the castellan of castle Eger. Dobó and two of his brothers were sentenced to death in 1551 but he managed to suspend the sentence for one year.

As it is known the Turkish broke into the heart of Hungary and they wished to insert thei knives into Northern-Hungary and other parts of Europe. The Sultan's armies emerged near Eger and an army of 40-80 thousand Turkish besieged Eger and the 2000 defenders of it. Our castellan did not despair inspite no reinforcements arrived from neither of our two kings.

He inspirited all of the defenders and they could keep Eger by using tricky weapons, like burning straw wreathes thrown into the enemy mass and things like that. Even melted baconfat was used to keep the Turk hands away from the walls of Eger.

He was hurt in the siege as well. A lot about the siege is song in a song called 'Summáját írom Eger várának' in English it is perhaps 'I am writing the sum of Eger' or 'I am summing up the siege of Eger'. I am still looking for an English translation of the whole song.

In 1553 he was given the castles of Déva and Szamosújvár as a gift by Ferdinand the first and was raised to the rank of voivode of Erdély (Transylvania). As a castellan he kept Szamosújvár for 10 months against the Turkish horde. He had to give up Szamosújvár as Ferdinand could not reinforce him again. He was jailed but escaped in 1557. When in 1558 Erdély broke away from Hungary he got the castle of Léva in place of his lost lands.

In spite of being a hero in our history he had bad attributions like mammonism. In case the Dobós could not probate their interests they were ready to deal with their neighbours even in cruel ways. In my opinion it was normal in the 16th century if we were speaking about a powerful noble family.

The case I mentioned at the beggining of the post was not simply forgotten. He was arrested in 1569 and shortly after being released he died.

Statue of István Dobó in Eger - A national hero

[Leliana]

Niklas Graf Salm der Ältere

Niklas, Count of Salm (Vielsalm, Belgium 1459 – Salmhof, Marchegg, Lower Austria, May 4, 1530) was an Imperial senior military commander of the Habsburg Empire.

His greatest achievement was the defense of Vienna during the first siege by the Turks: In 1529, aged 70, he was asked to organize the defense of Vienna during the first siege by the Turks, which he did with great skill and success. During the siege, he was wounded by a falling rock, and died a few months later from his wounds.

He was made a Knight in the Order of the Golden Fleece.

[Leliana]

Janos Hunyadi

Janos Hunyadi (c. 1407–11 August 1456), was a leading Hungarian military and political figure in the 15th-century history of Central and Southeastern Europe. Son of a noble family of Romanian origin, he mastered his military skills on the southern borderlands exposed to Ottoman attacks of the Kingdom of Hungary. Appointed voivode of Transylvania and head of a number of southern counties, he assumed responsibility for the defense of the frontiers in 1441.

These innovations contributed to his earliest successes against Ottoman troops plundering the southern marches in the early 1440s. Although defeated in the battle of Varna in 1444 and in the second battle of Kosovo in 1448, his "Long Campaign" across the Balkan Mountains at the turn of 1443 and 1444 and his defense of Nándorfehérvár/Belgrade in 1456 against the troops led personally by the Sultan established his fame as a most talented general of his age. In Hungary, tradition still helds that bells of Catholic churches are daily rung at noon to commemorate the latter victory, although the pope had ordered this in advance, before the siege, in order to encourage the soldiers fighting for Christendom.

He became the king's trusted adviser and most highly-regarded soldier, and was put in charge of military operations against the Ottomans.

The king recognized Hunyadi's merits by granting him estates in Eastern Hungary. Hunyadi became the greatest landowner in Hungarian history. At the peak of his career he could call himself master of 2.3 million hectares of land, 28 castles, 57 towns and about 1,000 villages. Unlike most of his contemporaries, Hunyadi did not use his great revenues or the military and political weight of his thousands of retainers simply for his personal aggrandizement; for many years, he bore a large share of the cost of fighting the Ottomans.

The main frame of the conflict with the Turks now resided in his jurisdiction and Hunyadi soon showed and displayed extraordinary capacity in marshalling its defenses with the limited resources at his disposal. In 1441 he scored a pitched battle victory at Semendria over Ishak Bey. The following year, not far from Nagyszeben in Transylvania he annihilated an invasion force of Ottomans that offered stern battle with an immense host, and recovered for Hungary the suzerainty of Wallachia. In February 1450, he signed an alliance treaty with Bogdan II of Moldavia.

In July 1442, an undaunted and intrepid Hunyadi proceeded march against the enemy with 15,000 Hungarian and Siculi irregulars against a massed formation of a third Turkish invasion force reinforced by the choicest of Ottoman military numbering 80,000 in Wallachia sent in retaliation for subsequent defeats. Hunyadi's engagement at the Iron Gates is one of Hungary's more celebrated victories, Hunyadi's maneuvers of infantry, cavalry and war wagons performed superbly to the astonishment of the Turkish commander Sehabbedin, who was astounded by the smallness of the Magyar army.

These victories made Hunyadi a prominent enemy of the Ottomans and renowned throughout Christendom, and was a prime motivator to undertake in 1443, along with King Władysław, the famous expedition known as the long campaign. Hunyadi, at the head of the vanguard, crossed the Balkans through the Gate of Trajan, captured Niš, defeated three Turkish pashas, and, after taking Sofia, united with the royal army and defeated Sultan Murad II at Snaim (Kustinitza). The impatience of the king and the severity of the winter then compelled him (February 1444) to return home, but not before he had utterly broken the Sultan's power in Bosnia, Herzegovina, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Albania.

No sooner had he regained Hungary than he received tempting offers from Pope Eugene IV, represented by the Legate Julian Cesarini, from Đurađ Branković, despot of Serbia, and George Kastrioti Skanderbeg, prince of Albania, to resume the war and realize his ideal of driving the Ottomans from Europe. All the preparations had been made when Murad's envoys arrived in the royal camp at Szeged and offered a ten years' truce on advantageous terms. Branković bribed Hunyadi – he gave him his vast estates in Hungary – to support the acceptance of the peace. Cardinal Julian Cesarini found a traitorous solution. The king swore that he would never give up the crusade, so all future peace and oath was automatically invalid. After this Hungary accepted the Sultan's offer and Hunyadi in Władysław's name swore on the Gospels to observe them.

Battle of Varna

Two days later Cesarini received tidings that a fleet of Venetian galleys had set off for the Bosporus to prevent Murad (who, crushed by his recent disasters, had retired to Anatolia) from recrossing into Europe, and the cardinal reminded the King that he had sworn to cooperate by land if the western powers attacked the Ottomans by sea. In July the Hungarian army recrossed the frontier and advanced towards the Black Sea coast in order to march to Constantinople escorted by the galleys.

Đurađ Branković, however, fearful of the sultan's vengeance in case of disaster, privately informed Murad of the advance of the Christian host, and prevented Kastrioti from joining it. On reaching Varna, the Hungarians found that the Venetian galleys had failed to prevent the transit of the Sultan - indeed, the Genoese transported the Sultan's army (and received, according to legend, one gold piece for each soldier shipped over). Hunyadi, on 10 November 1444, confronted the Ottomans with less than half the Hungarian forces. Nevertheless, victory was still possible in the Battle of Varna as Hunyadi with his superb military skills managed to rout both flanks of the Sultan's army. At this point, however, king Władysław, who up to that point had remained in the background and relinquished full leadership to Hunyadi, assumed command and with his bodyguards carried out an all-out attack on the elite troops of the Sultan, the Janissaries. The Janissaries readily massacred the king's men, also killing the king, exhibiting his head on a pole. The king's death caused disarray in the Hungarian army, which was subsequently routed by the Ottomans; Hunyadi himself narrowly escaped. On his way home, Vlad II Dracul of Wallachia imprisoned Hunyadi; only the threats of the palatine of Hungary brought the Wallachian ruler, theoretically an ally of Hunyadi against the Ottomans, to release him.

Meanwhile, the Ottoman issue had again become acute, and, after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, it seemed natural that Sultan Mehmed II was rallying his resources in order to subjugate Hungary. His immediate objective was Nándorfehérvár (today Belgrade). Nándorfehérvár was a major castle-fortress, and a gate keeper of south Hungary. The fall of this stronghold would have opened a clear way to the heart of Central Europe. Hunyadi arrived at the siege of Nándorfehérvár at the end of 1455, after settling differences with his domestic enemies. At his own expense, he restocked the supplies and arms of the fortress, leaving in it a strong garrison under the command of his brother-in-law Mihály Szilágyi and his own eldest son László Hunyadi. He proceeded to form a relief army, and assembled a fleet of two hundred ships. His main ally was the Franciscan friar, Giovanni da Capistrano (known today as St. John of Capistrano), whose fiery oratory drew a large crusade made up mostly of peasants. Although relatively ill-armed (most were armed with farm equipment, such as scythes and pitchforks) they flocked to Hunyadi and his small corps of seasoned mercenaries and cavalry.

On 14 July 1456 the flotilla assembled by Hunyadi destroyed the Ottoman fleet. On 21 July, Szilágyi's forces in the fortress repulsed a fierce assault by the Rumelian army, and Hunyadi pursued the retreating Ottoman forces into their camp, taking advantage of the Turkish army's confused flight from the city. After fierce but brief fighting, the camp was captured, and Mehmet lifted the siege and returned to Istanbul. A 70 year period of relative peace on Hungary's southeastern border began with his flight. However, plague broke out in Hunyadi's camp three weeks after the lifting of the siege, and he died August 11. On his deathbed Hunyadi said Defend, my friends, Christendom and Hungary from all enemies... Do not quarrel among yourselves. If you should waste your energies in altercations, you will seal your own fate as well as dig the grave of our country.. He is buried in the Roman Catholic Cathedral of Gyulafehérvár (now: Alba Iulia) next to his younger brother, John.

[curiousman]

(From Wikipedia)
Raimondo, Count of Montecúccoli or Montecucculi (German: Raimondo Graf Montecúccoli) (21 February 1609 – 16 October 1680) was an Italian military general who also served as general for the Austrians, and was also a prince of the Holy Roman Empire and Neapolitan Duke of Melfi.
Montecuccoli was born on 21 February 1609 in the castle of the same name in Pavullo nel Frignano, near Modena. His family was of Burgundian origin and had settled in north Italy in the 10th century.
At the age of sixteen Montecuccoli began as a private soldier under his uncle, Count Ernest Montecuccoli (died 1633), a distinguished Austrian general. Four years later, after much active service in Germany and the Low Countries, he became a captain of infantry. He was severely wounded at the storming of New Brandenburg, and again in the same year (1631) at the first battle of Breitenfeld, where he fell into the hands of the Swedes.
...
From 1661 to 1664 Montecuccoli, with inferior numbers, defended Austria against the Turks but at St. Gotthard Abbey, on the Rába, he and Carl I. Ferdinand Count of Montenari defeated the Turks so comprehensively that they entered into a twenty-year truce. They were given the Order of the Golden Fleece, and Montecuccoli became president of the council of war and director of artillery.
...
As a general, Montecuccoli shared with Turenne and Condé the first place among European soldiers of his time. His Memorie della guerra profoundly influenced the age which followed his own. "Unequalled as a master of 17th-century warfare, Montecuccoli excelled in the art of fortification and siege, march and countermarch, and cutting his enemy’s lines of communications. In advocating standing armies, he clearly foresaw future trends in the military field".
...

[Hevo]

Ottoman help was more significiant than we know. Actually I do not have a lot of time but you can search Tuan Belanda's posts about Ottoman-Dutch alliance:

http://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?t=44197

I miss something about Tuan Belanda's post. Sources?
This still doesn't mean that The ottomans saved my forefathers as you claim. I am sure that the dutch would also got their independence without ottoman's help sooner or later


Anyway next hero:

Theodoros Kolokotronis




Kolokotronis was born at Ramavouni in Messenia, and grew up in Limpovitsi in Arcadia. His father, Constantine Kolokotronis, took part in an armed rebellion which was supported by Catherine the Great of Russia, then was killed in an engagement along with two of his brothers. Theodoros joined the ranks of a Peloponnesian guerrilla band, and by age fifteen was the leader ("kapetanios") of his own group. He had a brief stint at sea as a corsair, then in 1805 he took service on a series of ships in the Russian fleet in the Russo-Turkish War. After 1810 served in a corps of Greek infantry in English service on Zakynthos, and was awarded the brevet rank of brigadier for his service against the French.

Zakynthos is in the Ionian Islands, which were then a British protectorate after being bandied about between Venice, France and Russia during the Napoleonic Wars. Kolokotronis's service in the regular Russian and British forces, land and sea, would provide valuable insights to be used later in his career.

Kolokotronis returned to the mainland just prior to the outbreak of the war (officially, 25 March 1821) and formed a confederation of irregular Moreot klepht bands. These he tried to train and organize into something resembling a modern army. In May he was named archistrategos -- commanding general. He was already 50-years-old by this time, a fact which contributed to his sobriquet O Geron tou Morea -- "The Old Man of the Morea," Morea being another name for the Peloponnese.

Kolokotronis first action was the defense of Valtetsi, the village near Tripoli where his army was mustering.

He next commanded Greek troops in the siege of the coastal town of Nafplio. He took the port, and the Turkish garrison in the town's twin citadels was running low on supplies, but the disorganized Greek provisional government at Argos, just to the north, could not complete negotiations for its surrender before a large Ottoman force began marching southward to crush the rebels. Panicked, government officials abandoned Argos and began evacuations by sea at Nafplio. Only an under-strength battalion under Demetrios Ypsilantis remained to hold Kastro Larissa, the fortress of Argos.


Kolokotronis the Liberator

Kolokotronis gathered the klephts together to march to the relief of Ypsilantis. This was quite a feat in itself, considering the near-collapse of the government and the notoriously quarrelsome nature of the klephtic bands. Even the troublesome Souliots lent a hand.

The Ottoman army from the north commanded by Mahmud Dramali, after taking Corinth had marched to the Plain of Argos. The castle of Kastro Larissa was an excellent position, commanding the whole plain. To leave such a stronghold straddling Turkish supply lines was far too dangerous. Dramali would have to reduce the fortress before moving on. Scaling the cliffs, breaching the castle's stout walls, and overcoming its resolute defenders would be no easy task. Yet there was one weakness Dramali was unaware of: this citadel, unlike the famous Acropolis in Athens, had no spring and consequently fresh water had to be supplied from cisterns. Unfortunately for the Greeks, it was July and no rains were falling to fill the cisterns. Ypsilantis bluffed the Turks as long as he could, but towards the end of the month had to sneak his men out in the middle of the night. Dramali's men plundered the castle the next day, and he was now free to march them toward the coast to resupply. (The Greeks had pursued a scorched earth policy, and the large Ottoman force was eating through its food supplies rather quickly). Ypsilantis defense had bought Kolokotronis and the klephts valuable time.

To his dismay, Dramali found himself cut off from his supply fleet, which had intended to land at Nafplio but was successfully blockaded by the Greek fleet under Admiral Miaoulis. Dramali reluctantly decided upon a retreat toward Corinth through the Dervenaki Pass, through which he had just come unmolested. This was exactly what Kolokotronis had been hoping for. In August 1822 his quicker-moving guerrilla forces trapped the Turks in the pass and annihilated them. A devastated Sultan Mahmud in Constantinople was forced to turn to Mohamed Ali, ruler of the nominally Ottoman pashaluk of Egypt for help.

The Greeks resumed the siege against the fortresses at Nafplio, which fell in December. Kolokotronis is said to have ridden his horse up the steep slopes of Kastro Palamidi to celebrate his victory there; a statue in the town square commemorates the event. He is attired in something resembling the costume of a hussar topped with a plumed Corinthian helmet, which he was fond of wearing, and which foreign Philhellenes were even fonder of seeing him in. (While he seems to have enjoyed dressing like a Western European cavalryman cum Ancient Greek hoplite, he is also frequently depicted wearing the more traditional fustanella and other Greek accoutrements).

[Methmatician]

Only Bosnian I can think of that directly fought against the Turks:

Husein Gradaščević - 'Zmaj od Bosne'

Husein-kapetan Gradaščević (31 August 1802 – 17 August 1834) was a Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) general who fought against the Ottoman Empire and new reforms implemented by the Sultan Mahmud II which abolished the ayan (landlord) system. He is often referred to as "Zmaj od Bosne", meaning "Dragon of Bosnia". Gradaščević was born in Gradačac in 1802—hence his surname Gradaščević, meaning "of Gradačac"—and grew up surrounded by a political climate of turmoil in the western reaches of the Ottoman Empire. The young Husein developed a reputation for wise rule and tolerance and soon became one of the most popular figures in Bosnia.

After Mahmud II ruthlessly abolished the Janissary during the Auspicious Incident in 1826 and adamantly advanced against all Balkan Muslims; captaincy's, Beys and Pashas in Rumelia and tried to force his dubious version reforms, which were rejected by the Bosniaks. Very soon Mahmud II planned to abolished Bosnia Eyalet and conferred its historical territories to the newly created Principality of Serbia and when he tyrannically attempted to forcefully mass-recruit the Bosnian populace into his new army in the year 1830, the Bosniaks led by Husein Gradaščević felt compelled to launch a massive uprising.

The "Bosnian Uprising" lasted for three years and basically demanded autonomy and dignity and overthrew Mahmud II's loyalists. During the uprising Husein Gradaščević was chosen as the leader and Vizier of Bosnia Eyalet in the year 1831 during the summer of that year he led nearly 25,000 men and marched towards Kosovo where his forces battled against Ottoman regulars under the command of Grand Vizier Reşid Mehmed Pasha had set up encampments near Štimlje in their efforts to subdue the Muslim uprisings in both Kosovo and Bosnia. There Husein Gradaščević's forces dealt a heavy defeat to the imperial army during the Third Battle of Kosovo and at Novi Pazar.

The uprising itself was only subdued when Ali-paša Rizvanbegović of Stolac defected towards the Mahmud II, in return he was awarded with the succession of Herzegovina, however only as a Valiyet. By 1832, after a series of smaller clashes, a decisive battle occurred outside Sarajevo; although Husein Gradaščević was initially successful, he was defeated when fellow Bosniaks from Herzegovina arrived, sided and reinforced the forces of Mahmud II. Bosniak Uprising would not be completely quelled until all captaincy's were abolished in the year 1835 and until all the districts of the captaincy's were abolished in the year 1837. Although other smaller conflicts continued until the year 1850.

Husein Gradaščević was forced to flee to the Austrian Empire on May 31. From there he negotiated for his return with Mahmud II and was ultimately allowed back but barred from ever entering Bosnia ever again. He moved to Belgrade and then to Constantinople, where he died under controversial circumstances in 1834 and was buried in the Ejub cemetery in Constantinople. A legend in his own time, Husein Gradaščević is considered a Bosniak national hero and one of the most revered figures in the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

[Twistedmind]

Hm, Medvjed, honestly, he was fighing for personal power not against Turks.

[Twistedmind]

Miloš Obilić



Miloš Obilić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милош Обилић,died 1389) was a medieval Serbian knight in the service of Prince Lazar, during the invasion of the Ottoman Empire. He is not mentioned in contemporary sources, but he features prominently in later accounts of the Serbian defeat at the Battle of Kosovo as the legendary assassin of the Ottoman sultan Murad I. Although he remains anonymous in the extant sources until the 18th century, the dissemination of the story of Murad's assassination in Florentine, Serbian, Ottoman and Greek sources suggests that versions of it circulated widely across the Balkans within half a century after the event. He became a major figure in Serbian epic poetry, in which he is elevated to the level of the most noble national hero of medieval Serbian folklore. Along with the martyrdom of Prince Lazar and the alleged treachery of Vuk Branković, Miloš's deed became an integral part of Serbian traditions surrounding the Battle of Kosovo.

[Twistedmind]

Karađorđe



Đorđe Petrović (Serbian Cyrillic: Ђорђе Петровић,), known as Karađorđe (Карађорђе, Black George; 3 November 1768 – 24 July 1817), founder of modern Serbia as the elected leader of the First Serbian Uprising (part of the Serbian Revolution) that aimed at liberating Serbia from the Ottoman Empire (1804–1813); he personally led armies against the Ottomans in several battles, which resulted in a short-lived state which he would administer as Grand Leader (Veliki Vožd) from 14 February 1804 to 21 September 1813, alongside the newly founded Narodna Skupština (People's Assembly) and the Praviteljstvujušči Sovjet (Governing Council), simulating a wholly functional state government in war-time.

Born into a poor family in Šumadija, part of the Sanjak of Smederevo (modern central Serbia), Đorđe began working as a servant for affluent Serbs and Turks, but after having killed a Turk, his family fled across the Sava into Syrmia, a Habsburg-controlled area. He rose to prominence in the Austrian army, participating in the liberation of the sanjak, which resulted in the short-lived Kingdom of Serbia (1788). He received a medal of honour for his efforts, and when the Austrian army was forced to retreat, and the Ottomans re-occupied Šumadija, he joined the Hajduks. He commanded a unit and fought the Ottomans until 1794, when he returned to his family.

In the following years the local janissaries grew stronger and seized the sanjak from the Sultan, imposing greater taxes and perpetrating violence against the population; as the janissaries feared the Sultan's retaliation as a possible task given to the Serbs, they executed hundreds of prominent Serbs in what would be known as the Slaughter of the Dukes (1804). Some 300 nobility assembled and elected Karađorđe as leader; by the end of the year the janissaries were defeated, and the Sultan praised the Serbs. However, when the pasha arrived in Serbia to take over the governance, he was killed. The struggle continued as a wide-scale revolt, the First Serbian Uprising, in which several battles were successfully fought against the Ottomans; a government was established, and Karađorđe abolished feudalism.

After the suppression of activities in 1813, Karađorđe and other leaders went into exile, while in 1815 Miloš Obrenović, a fellow rebel leader, initiated the Second Serbian Uprising. The second uprising ended in 1817, when Obrenović signed a treaty with the Ottomans and became the Prince of Serbia. Obrenović (who saw a threat in the possible return of popular Petrović) and the Ottomans (who despised him and feared more fighting) conspired and planned the assassination of Karađorđe. When Karađorđe returned in 1817 to start yet another uprising, he was deceived by a friend and killed; his head was sent to Istanbul and Obrenović retained his leadership.

Karađorđe founded the House of Karađorđević, the Serbian royal family, which would later gain the Serbian crown after the deposing of the rival House of Obrenović.

[morski]

Georgi Sava Rakovski



1861 saw him in Belgrade organising a Bulgarian legion, and travelling through Europe recruiting support for his country’s cause. While his radical views often met opposition from more moderate minds, his writings incited youth to go against the Turks. It was in this year that he wrote his Plan for the Liberation of Bulgaria.[3] Many young people rallied under his flag to fight the Ottomans alongside the Serbs. However the conflict between Serbia and the Ottoman empire was soon resolved and the Legion - dissolved.[4]

Rakovski moved to Bucharest where he continued his journalistic and revolutionary activities. Led by the belief that Ottoman power could be brought down only with armed action, he began organising small groups of revolutionary fighters, called cheti. Their aim was to instigate unrest in Bulgaria, thus motivating the population to fight the Ottomans.[5] For the purpose of co-ordinating the armed resistance Rakovski and his followers founded the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee - an organization which was yet to feature in the Bulgarian Liberation movement.[6]

In 1867 the Committee equipped two bands (cheti) who penetrated Bulgaria led by Panaiot Hitov and Filip Totiu.[7] They fought battles with the Ottoman forces, but did not manage to fulfill their goals. Led by Hadzhi Dimitar and Stefan Karadzha, 120 chetnitsi entered Bulgaria in 1868 and fought their way to Stara Planina before being surrounded by the Ottomans.[8] Some of the fighters, including Stefan Karadzha, were wounded, captured and later executed. The remaining men under the leadership of Hadzhi Dimitar were crushed at Buzludzha Peak in Stara Planina.[9]

One of the creators of the Bulgarian revolutionary movement, poet, writer, journalist, Georgi Rakovski died of tuberculosis in Bucharest on October 9, 1867.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_...lutionary_work