I've been into genealogy for many years, but quite helpful were a few relatives who had already written a few books, which traced some not so distant ancestors to known characters from XVIII century Brazil, and from these people it was not too difficult to trace back to the first settlers.
An example of what happened to me: upon researching my genealogy, I traced my ancestry back to my great grandfather (Antonio Moreira Junior). I went to the town he was born (a very small town lost in the interior of Brazil by the way - no more than 2000 inhabitants and with only two streets - take into account my great grandfather was born in the rural area of that town). I looked for his obituary, found it and then looked for the name of his parents. Later I found three books, by close relatives, with his name Antonio Moreira Junior, and the name of his brothers and sisters listed. From their names it was easy to go back much further back in time, since it was already recorded and registered by other peoples in the past. I traced my ancestry to Baltazar de Morais de Antas (1535-1600), a settler of very early Brazil (XVI century). 15th generations between me and him (Brites Rodrigues Anes was the daughter of a Portuguese couple who settled in Brazil according to Pedro Taques de Almeida Paes Leme, our main genealogist from the XVIII century).
15 generations between me and Baltazar de Morais de Antas:
This is the genealogy of Baltazar de Morais de Antas, it goes back quite a great deal in time (plenty of information on him in the link below), it goes back to the early days of Portugal:
http://www.buratto.net/doria/AntasMoraes.pdf
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