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Thread: Sicilian phenotypes BY REGION.. my comprehensive guide to the island and its types!

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    Default Sicilian phenotypes BY REGION.. my comprehensive guide to the island and its types!

    Since some members here insist on clinging to archaic texts that have outlived their purpose and insist on speaking on behalf of my own people, I am going to make a detailed thread that literally walks through each province of the island one by one and breaks down what all of my experience proves to be the predominant type in each, with a separate post for genetic data to support it.

    Just so everyone knows what is where:



    With the latest genetic data:


    WEST SICILIAN (Palermo, Trapani):

    North European: 9.76%
    Caucasus-Near Eastern: 33.02%
    North African: 3.29%
    Gedrosia-Caucasian: 10.98%
    Southwest European: 26.36%
    Arabic: 8.58%
    Cushitic: 1.63%


    CENTER SICILIAN (Enna, Caltanissetta):

    North European: 7.35%
    Caucasus-Near Eastern: 35.39%
    North African: 2.90%
    Caucasus-Gedrosia: 9.39%
    Southwest European: 25.37%
    Arabic: 6.73%
    Cushitic: 3.56%


    SOUTH SICILIAN (Coastal Agrigento, Caltanissetta, and Ragusa):

    North European: 8.67%
    Caucasus-Near Eastern: 34.80%
    North African: 3.03%
    Caucasus-Gedrosia: 10.83%
    Southwest European: 27.20%
    Arabic: 8.01%
    Cushitic: 2.84%

    https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/...yWTVheVE#gid=0
    Last edited by Sikeliot; 10-06-2013 at 05:32 AM.

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    Default Messina, Catania, and Syracuse.

    MESSINA, CATANIA, and SYRACUSE:

    Messina was first settled by an Italic group, the Sikels, from whom the Greeks gave the island it's name, Sikelia. The Sikels did not have any large-scale towns in the area when the Greeks settled, and most of the large towns to develop in Messina had been Greek from the start. Settled by Greeks from Euboea immediately upon their landing, and named after Messinia in the Peloponnese, most people in Messina display the phenotypes one would associate with the ancient Greeks, modified, at times, by an Italic influence that can also be seen on the Italian mainland. The Romans conquered and renamed the area Messana, but never settled en masse.

    Catania, on the other hand, was home to a large Sikel settlement at the base of Mt. Etna, which, upon the Greek settlement, would develop into a town by the name of Katáne, later Catina by the Romans. With the majority of Greek settlement coming from Chalcis, and coming in contact with an Italic population, most of the population displays a similar appearance to that of Messina, strongly "Greco-Roman" and displaying similarities to both the southern and islander Greeks and to Italians from the mainland. However, Italic influence is likely much smaller due to the fact that Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse who overtook Catania, drove out all of the remaining Sikels and repopulated the area with Ionian Greeks.

    Syracuse, the "greatest Greek city and the most beautiful of them all" according to Cicero, was settled by Corinthian and Tenean Greeks. To a much greater extent than in Messina and Catania, the Greeks drove the Sikels inland toward what is now Enna, and repopulated the area with Dorian Greeks from the southern Peloponnese. In contrast to her Ionian neighbors to the north, Syracuse was allied with Sparta, a fact that would become historically significant later. Syracuse is very likely the most "Greek" of all Sicily's provinces, due to these historical facts.

    These three provinces were the last to be conquered by the Moors, and saw the least Norman influence, and therefore can be grouped together as one unit.

    The predominant type is various Dinaro-Alpine-East Med combinations that can also be found amongst Aegean Greeks, but may show Italic/continental Italian contribution.



    Dinaro-Med "Italian" types:




    And a likely older, Neolithic-type Armenoid-Med look that is more prevalent amongst Jews and Levantines:




    Overlapping groups: Southern and islander Greeks, mainland southern Italians, western Turks, and Cypriots.
    Last edited by Sikeliot; 10-08-2013 at 07:58 PM.

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    Default Palermo, Trapani.

    PALERMO and TRAPANI.

    Palermo deserves its own section due to the variety of phenotypes, historical settlement diversity, and being the most populous part of the island. But I will include Trapani due to similar historical circumstances and that they neighbor.

    The first historical settlement was by the Elymians, a group of unknown origin who are presumably from Anatolia. Genetic data would support this given the relatively high frequency of Caucasus-type haplogroup G on the paternal side in western Sicily. The Elymians founded Eryx (Erice), Segesta, and Entella, all of which would be later Hellenized.

    Next came the Phoenicians from Lebanon, who founded the city of Palermo. They controlled the trade on the northwestern coast of the island, which would later be passed to their successors, the Carthaginians. The Phoenicians maintained good relations with the Elymians, while the Greeks did not due to their desire to expand across the entire island.

    Moorish influence in the Middle Ages brought Muslims from North Africa and Syria as well as their culture to the western half of the island, and although they would later conquer all but Syracuse, their primary area of influence was in Palermo. Although most Moors were expelled, those who remained did assimilate and there is an approximately 6% influence on the paternal side of the gene pool from the Arabian Peninsula (J1) and NW Africa (North African E1b1b).

    Normans conquered next, forcing out Muslims who refused to assimilate, and settling primarily in Palermo and northern Trapani. They repopulated several towns with people from Northern Italy as well as Calabria and Campania.

    All of these groups, as well as the Greeks who settled, would have a genetic impact as well as phenotypical.


    Common types include Levantine-influenced (Gracile and East) Meds, sometimes with Armenoid influence:




    Norid/Nordo-Med types that show Norman and/or northern Italian influence:




    Dinaro-East Med types who look Greek, who resemble the people of the Aegean islands:



    And South-Med influenced Cromagnids who look vaguely "North African" -- a similar type is found in the Canary islands:





    Overlapping groups: Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews, Coastal NW Africans (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco), Canarian Spaniards, islander and southern Greeks, Cypriots, Lebanese, northern Italians, and French.
    Last edited by Sikeliot; 10-08-2013 at 07:59 PM.

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    Default Agrigento, southern Caltanissetta, and Ragusa -- Southern coast.

    The southern coast of Sicily (Agrigento, southern Caltanissetta, and Ragusa)was under the control of the ancient Greeks, who founded many cities such as Akragas (Agrigento), Camarina, and Gela. These regions bear great phenotypical similarity to the Maltese, who are largely descended from Sicilians from the southern coast. Maltese surnames such as Camilleri, Scerri, Vella, Spiteri, Schembri, Portelli and many others are derived directly from these provinces.

    There is also Italic influence in Ragusa, and Arab influence in Caltanissetta, but these elements are not predominant although they are present.

    Common types include Alpine-Meds with East Med, Armenoid, and Dinaric influence:




    Italic "Dinarid" types:




    And "Arab influenced" looking types that bear resemblance to coastal North Africans:





    Overlapping groups: Coastal NW Africans, Lebanese/Syrians, Jews, Assyrians, Greeks, and Cypriots.
    Last edited by Sikeliot; 10-08-2013 at 08:00 PM.

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    Default ENNA and CALTANISSETTA: Central Sicily.

    Central Sicily (Enna and Caltanissetta) is by far the most isolated part of the island. Genetically, they show higher "Caucasus" influence in their genome and lower influence from Northern Europeans, Arabs, and Levantines.

    Greeks did settle in Enna, taking over many towns by the Sikels, an Italic tribe. Byzantine Greeks (including Hellenized Syrians) did found some towns, including Nicosia in Enna. There were also smaller numbers of Lombards who settled, most of whom still speak Gallo-Italic dialects today and live predominantly in Piazza Armerina and nearby towns in Enna. Caltanissetta, named after the Arabic phrase "Qalat al-Nisa'', has some vestiges of Arab settlement as well as Norman due to proximity to Palermo.

    The average person in these provinces shows more Caucasid elements, stronger Italic, and almost no Levantine. Inland Sicilians are indeed a bit lighter and more "continental" looking than those by the coast. In Enna, larger cities such as Enna have a larger number of lighter pigmented types, possibly due to Lombard admixture, than smaller rural towns such as Pietraperzia and Nicosia where people are much darker with more Armenoid influence.

    Predominant types include Dinaro-inspired "Italic" types:



    Square-headed Anatolian types that show influence from the Caucasus, mostly Alpine-Meds with, sometimes, Armenoid influence:




    And types that look generically continental/Central European:





    Overlapping groups: Greeks, mainland southern Italians, Turks, Armenians, northern Italians, and Central Europeans (Ausrians, Swiss, etc.)
    Last edited by Sikeliot; 06-28-2014 at 04:20 AM.

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    Open for comments!

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    You're putting so much emphasis on what they "should" look like, based on invaders - presuming that they actually did put a big marker in Sicily. I mean come on, you can't barely tell that Palermo is ligther than the darkest part of Sicily. Sicily should be very homogeneous. We can't even be sure that Autosomal data correlates that well with phenotype, nonetheless thinking that 2-3% higher North Euro/Caucasus should make a visible difference.

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    Quote Originally Posted by WOOHP View Post
    You're putting so much emphasis on what they "should" look like, based on invaders - presuming that they actually did put a big marker in Sicily. I mean come on, you can't barely tell that Palermo is ligther than the darkest part of Sicily. Sicily should be very homogeneous. We can't even be sure that Autosomal data correlates that well with phenotype, nonetheless thinking that 2-3% higher North Euro/Caucasus should make a visible difference.
    Well, those are the predominant types based on what I have seen. The common trend is that Italic, Levantine, and Greek-influenced types are seen throughout the entire island.

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    Quote Originally Posted by Sikeliot View Post
    Well, those are the predominant types based on what I have seen. The common trend is that Italic, Levantine, and Greek-influenced types are seen throughout the entire island.
    I have not said that the overall picture is wrong, but that you're exaggerating the differences between the various parts of the island.

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    Quote Originally Posted by WOOHP View Post
    I have not said that the overall picture is wrong, but that you're exaggerating the differences between the various parts of the island.
    Well, keep in mind that various areas have remained generally isolated, and are probably a bit inbred. I don't think I have exaggerated the differences, anyhow. The only true differences are that you find fewer people who could pass as northern Italian in the east, as well as fewer people who show North African influences.

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