What is your mtDNA Haplogroup

[Kamal900]

H15.

"Eupedia identifies the H15 clade with the Indo-Europeans and specifically yDna R1b. "R1b1b correlates best with mt-haplogroups: H5a, H7, H8, H15, I1a1, J1b1a, K1a3, K1c2, K2a6, U5 and some V subclades (like V15). Minor mt-haplogroups also include U3 and X2."

Goes on to add this about H15, "a rare subclade found in Scotland, Germany, Poland, Austria, Northern Italy, Central Asia (Turkmenistan), Iran and northern India."

What about the U3 haplogroup? I belong to the U3 haplogroup, so I'm interested in finding which peoples have the highest frequency of the haplogroup.

[frankhammer]

HV

HV is unevenly spread around Europe, being extremely rare in Finland, Scandinavia (except Iceland), the British Isles, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Albania, and most of Iberia. The highest percentages of haplogroup HV in Europe are observed in Calabria (10%), Sicily (5%), Tuscany (5%), Sardinia (4.5%), Bulgaria (4%), southern Belarus (4%), Croatia (3.5%), Ukraine (3.5%), Iceland (3.5%), Greece (3%), Cyprus (2.5%), and Romania (2.5%).

[Brás Garcia de Mascarenhas]

What about the U3 haplogroup? I belong to the U3 haplogroup, so I'm interested in finding which peoples have the highest frequency of the haplogroup.

Haplogroup U3 is primarily a Near Eastern and Caucasian lineage, being found only at a frequency exceeding 3% in the eastern Mediterranean and in the Caucasus. The highest percentages of U3 are observed in Jordan (15%), Syria (5%), Lebanon (5%), Cyprus (5%), Iraq (5%), Armenia (5%), Georgia (4.5%), Azerbaijan (3.5%), Turkey (3.5%), Greece (3.5%) and Egypt (3%), as well as among the various ethnic groups of the North Caucasus, including the Karachay-Balkars (7.5%), Adyghe-Kabardin (7%), Chechen-Ingush (6%), Kumyks (6%), Nogays (4.5%), and North Ossetians (3.5%).

In Europe, apart from Greece, the highest frequencies are found in Italy (2%), and particularly in Liguria (6%), Campania (5%) and Calabria (4%), in Bulgaria (2%), Belarus (2%), Latvia (2%), as well as in specific regions within larger countries such as Brittany (2.5%), Catalonia (2.5%) and Asturias (2%). U3 is almost completely absent from Finland, Scandinavia, the Netherlands, Wales, and interestingly also Sardinia (despite the high level of Near Eastern ancestry among Sardinians). It is also very rare in the Maghreb, Albania or among the Druzes in the Levant, all populations with strong links to Near Eastern Neolithic farmers.

[Kelmendasi]

What about the U3 haplogroup? I belong to the U3 haplogroup, so I'm interested in finding which peoples have the highest frequency of the haplogroup.

http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_U3_mtDNA.shtml. "Haplogroup U3 originated over 30,000 years ago, in all likelihood among Middle Eastern nomadic hunter-gatherers. The U3a subclade is thought to have arisen some time between 18,000 and 26,000 years ago, a period corresponding to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM).

Haplogroup U3 was present in Pre-Pottery and Early Neolithic Turkey, as well as in Chalcolithic Israel and Iran, and in Bronze Age Armenia, all regions that have high levels of U3 today. However, only a small minority of U3 has been found among the hundreds of Neolithic samples from Europe. Only six of them were identified so far, in the Starčevo culture in Hungary, the Linear Pottery culture (LBK) and the Salzmünde culture in Germany. Those whose subclade has been tested all belonged to U3a, including one U3a1. Overall haplogroup U3 showed up in less than 1% of the hundreds of Neolithic mtDNA tested. The small founding population of early agriculturalists that left Anatolia to colonise Europe may not have had much haplogroup U3 simply by chance. This is a typical founder effect.

Haplogroup U3 has so far been absent from all Mediteranean or West European Neolithic samples. Nowadays U3 is not found in the Sardinian population, which is the best modern proxy for Mediteranean Neolithic farmers.

The only oldest reported U3 sample in Mediteranean Europe (tested by Gomez-Sanchez et al. 2014) at the moment is an individual from the Burgos region in northern Spain dating from the late Chalcolithic period (2,400 BCE). However only the HVR1 region was tested for that sample and yielded a single mutation, which cannot confirm with 100% certainty that that individual was indeed U3.

The presence of U3 in Spain 4,400 years ago could be attributed to a separate Neolithic expansion from the Levant or the Arabian peninsula reaching Iberia through North Africa. These would have been essentially goat herders belonging to Y-haplogroups J1 and T1a (see also Correlating the mtDNA haplogroups of the original Y-haplogroup J1 and T1 herders ).

It is noteworthy that not a single U3 was identified among the numerous Bronze Age individuals tested from Europe and Central Asia, which strongly indicates that U3 was not found among the Indo-European invaders either. Its first appearance in eastern Europe after the Neolithic is a U3b Thracian sample from Bulgaria dated c. 800-500 BCE.

U3a1 is an almost entirely European subclade, and has a coalescence age of approximately 5,000 to 7,000 years before present, suggesting a Neolithic expansion. U3b is the main Middle Eastern and Caucasian subclade. It is also found in Italy, central and eastern Europe, including among the Romani people (Gypsies).

One possible theory for the diffusion of U3, and particularly U3b, to southern Europe is that it was brought from Anatolia to Italy by the (Ionian) Greeks and Etruscans, then spread with the Roman colonisation. The equally recent expansion and scattered presence of U3a1 from the Canary Islands and Ireland to central and eastern Europe is more difficult to explain."

[Dick]

HIV positive

[Kelmendasi]

Interesting, a U3b Thracian was found

[Brás Garcia de Mascarenhas]

HV

HV is unevenly spread around Europe, being extremely rare in Finland, Scandinavia (except Iceland), the British Isles, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Albania, and most of Iberia. The highest percentages of haplogroup HV in Europe are observed in Calabria (10%), Sicily (5%), Tuscany (5%), Sardinia (4.5%), Bulgaria (4%), southern Belarus (4%), Croatia (3.5%), Ukraine (3.5%), Iceland (3.5%), Greece (3%), Cyprus (2.5%), and Romania (2.5%).

Haplogroup HV originated at least 25,000 years ago, perhaps during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) like many other top-level haplogroups. The oldest evidence of haplogroup HV in Europe comes from the testing of a 13,000 year-old sample from La Pasiega in Cantabria (northern Spain), dating from the Magdalenian period (18,000-10,000 years before present) as analysed by Hervella et al. (2012), which could have belonged to haplogroup R0 or HV.

Since most Mesolithic samples from central and northern Europe tested to date were found to belong to haplogroup U (mainly U5, with some U2 and U4), it is more likely that haplogroup HV, H and V evolved from the populations of Mediterranean hunter-gatherers and only spread northward from the Neolithic period onward.

There is ample evidence that HV was found at low frequencies among Neolithic farmers both in the Near East (in Pre-Pottery Neolithic Syria) and in Europe. HV has been found in ancient samples from the the Linear Pottery culture and its descendants (Schöningen, Baalberge) in Germany and the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture in Ukraine. No HV sample other than HV0 (i.e. haplogroup V) has so far been found in the Starčevo culture, nor in the Cardium Pottery or Megalithic samples from France, Spain and Portugal though.

The Bronze Age Indo-Europeans do not seem to have carried a lot of HV lineages (i.e. other than H and V). Out of over 100 Early Bronze Age samples that have been tested to date, only one HV6'17 from the Corded Ware culture and one HV6 Unetice culture were identified, but none in the Proto-Indo-European homeland in the Pontic-Caspian Steppe.

Hughey et al. (2013) analysed 34 samples from the Minoan civilization and found three HV samples, a remarkably high 8.8% of all samples, a percentage more typical of Mesopotamia than of anywhere in Europe, except perhaps Calabria. This, along with the presence of other typically Middle Eastern lineages such as R0, I5, H5, H7, H13a1a and others, suggests that the Minoans moved straight from the Middle East to Crete during the Bronze Age. Modern Greeks have much lower levels of haplogroup HV.

Haplogroup HV appears to have prospered in Mesopotamia, and was probably an important Assyrian and Babylonian female lineage. The modern distribution of mtDNA HV is particularly reminiscent that of Y-DNA haplogroup T. Haplogroup HV is found as far south as Ethiopia and Somalia, which are also hotspots of Y-haplogroup T. This strongly suggests that maternal HV and paternal T lineages spread together from the Fertile Crescent, and notably Mesopotamia, to Egypt and the Horn of Africa, as well as to central and eastern Europe. This is especially true of the HV1 subclade. (=> See also Correlating the mtDNA haplogroups of the original Y-haplogroup J1 and T1 herders).

[Kelmendasi]

[Kriptc06]

Does anyone know where in Asia A2a peaks? thanks

[Dick]

Does anyone know where in Asia A2a peaks? thanks

Andid mountains