Romanian occupation of Hungary[edit]
Romania occupied all of Hungary with the exception of an area around Lake Balaton. There, Admiral Miklós Horthy formed a militia with arms from Romania.[15]
. 612 Horthy was preparing to be Hungary's new leader at the end of Romanian occupation. Horthy's supporters included some far-right nationalists.[21] Horthy's supporters also included members of the White Guards who had persecuted Bolsheviks and the Hungarian Jewish peoples, whom they perceived as a communist group given their disproportionate participation in Kun's government.[15]
. 616[22]
. 80–86 and 120. Horthy's nationalists and Romanian troops took steps to protect Hungary's Jewish peoples. The Romanian occupying force also took punitive actions against any revolutionary elements in areas under their control.[23]
Initially, Romanian troops provided policing and administrative services in occupied Hungary. Later, under pressure from the Allied council, these roles were returned to the Hungarian people.[22]
. 52However, in Budapest, only 600 carbines were provided to arm 3,700 policemen.
Romanian reparations[edit]
Romanian soldiers feeding the civilian population in Hungary
Romanian infantry patrol in Budapest.
The Allied council was discontented with Romania's conduct during much of the Hungarian-Romanian war. Romania did not follow the Allied council's instructions, for example, by moving west of the Tisza river and by demanding large reparations.[24][25][22]
. xxii and xxviii
The Allied council decided that Hungary should pay war reparations in common with the Central Powers.
The council pressured Romania to accept the supervision of an Inter-Allied Military Mission to superintend the disarmament of the Hungarian army and to see the Romanian troops withdraw.[22]
. xxviii[15]
. 614
The Inter-Allied Military Mission committee included General Harry Hill Bandholtz (US) who wrote a detailed diary of the events[22] Reginald Gorton (Great Britain), Jean César Graziani (France), and Ernesto Mombelli (Italy).[22]
. 32 Lieutenant Colonel Guido Romanelli (Italy),
Mombelli's secretary and former military representative of the Supreme Council in Budapest was accused of being biased against Romania and so was replaced.[15]
. 616
The relationship between the Inter-Allied Military Mission and Romania was one of *********[22]
. 45[26]
The Allied council requested Romania not make their own requisition for reparations and to return any captured military assets.[15]
. 615 The Inter-Allied Military Mission requested Romania return to Hungary the largely Hungarian populated territiory between the Tisza river and the first line of demarcation.
Romania, under the leadership of Prime Minister Ion Brătianu did not comply with the requests of the Inter-Allied Military Mission. On 15 November 1919, the Allied council denied Romania reparations from Germany.[15]
. 635
The outcome of the negotiations was that Bratianu resigned his prime ministership; Romania received one percent of the total reparations from Germany and limited amounts from Bulgaria and Turkey; Romania signed a peace treaty with Austria; Romania kept reparations from Hungary; and Romania's border with Hungary was determined.[15]
. 646
Hungary saw the Romanian conditions of armistice as harsh. She saw the requisitioning of quotas of goods as looting.[15]
. 614 She was also required to pay the expenses of the occupying troops.
Romania sought to prevent Hungary from re-arming, and sought retribution for the plunder of her land by the Central Powers during World War I.[11][27] Romania, having been denied by the Allied council, also sought compensation for their entire war effort.
Under the terms of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) concerning Austria and the Treaty of Trianon concerning Hungary, Romania had to pay a "liberation fee" of 230 millions gold francs to each. Romania also had to assume a share of the public debt of Austria-Hungary corresponding to the size of the former Austria-Hungary territories it now held.[15]
. 646
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