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Thread: Ancient genomes suggest the eastern Pontic-Caspian steppe as the source of western Iron Age nomads

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    Default Ancient genomes suggest the eastern Pontic-Caspian steppe as the source of western Iron Age nomads

    http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/10/eaat4457

    Unlike previous studies, Scythians here appears to be most closely related to both Southern and Northern European populations and, to a lesser extent, North Caucasians. All of the Scythian and Sarmatian samples, except for one, are R1b.



    PCA on the autosomal genomic data (Fig. 1C and table S5) revealed the following: (i) Srubnaya-Alakulskaya individuals exhibited genetic affinity to northern and northeastern present-day Europeans (fig. S3), and these results were also consistent with outgroup f3 statistics (table S6 and fig. S4A). (ii) The Cimmerian individuals, representing the time period of transition from Bronze to Iron Age, were not homogeneous regarding their genetic similarities to present-day populations according to the PCA. F3 statistics confirmed the heterogeneity of these individuals in comparison with present-day populations (table S6 and figs. S3 and S4C). (iii) The Scythians reported in this study, from the core Scythian territory in the North Pontic steppe (12), showed high intragroup diversity. In the PCA, they are positioned as four visually distinct groups compared to the gradient of present-day populations (Fig. 1C): (i) A group of three individuals (scy009, scy010, and scy303) showed genetic affinity to north European populations, hereafter referred to as a north European (NE) cluster. (ii) A group of four individuals (scy192, scy197, scy300, and scy305) showed genetic similarities to southern European populations, hereafter referred to as a south European (SE) cluster. (iii) A group of three individuals (scy006, scy011, and scy193) located between the genetic variation of Mordovians and populations of the North Caucasus, hereafter referred to as a steppe cluster (SC). In addition, one Srubnaya-Alakulskaya individual (kzb004), the most recent Cimmerian (cim357), and all Sarmatians fell within this cluster. In contrast to the Scythians, and despite being from opposite ends of the Pontic-Caspian steppe, the five Sarmatians grouped close together in this cluster. (iv) A group of three Scythians (scy301, scy304, and scy311) formed a discrete group between the SC and SE and had genetic affinities to present-day Bulgarian, Greek, Croatian, and Turkish populations, hereafter referred to as a central cluster (CC). All PCA results were consistent with outgroup f3 statistics (table S6 and figs. S3 and S4, B and D). Finally, one individual from a Scythian cultural context (scy332) is positioned outside of the modern West Eurasian genetic variation (Fig. 1C) but shared genetic drift with East Asian populations (table S6 and fig. S4B).

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    bump

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    Interesting that one of the Cimmerian samples was Q1a, the other was R1b which was expected. What were the Cimmerians like autosomally going by this?
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    Quote Originally Posted by Kelmendasi View Post
    Interesting that one of the Cimmerian samples was Q1a, the other was R1b which was expected. What were the Cimmerians like autosomally going by this?

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    Incredible information, thank you for sharing

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    Quote Originally Posted by Kelmendasi View Post
    Interesting that one of the Cimmerian samples was Q1a, the other was R1b which was expected. What were the Cimmerians like autosomally going by this?
    Cimmerians were very mixed with South Asian and East Eurasian elements.

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    Quote Originally Posted by Token View Post
    Cimmerians were very mixed with South Asian and East Eurasian elements.
    Interesting, the east Eurasian element explains the Q1a. They're supposed to be Iranic speakers iirc. I would've expected them to be like the Scythians
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    The Albanians, these tigers of mountain wars ... have as their religion rebellion. Even their worst warrior is one of the strongest and bravest on the battle-field, just as if he was a knight on the legendary horse. But he has no horse, nor proper weapons for battle. Instead of the horse, he has a lance which strikes as lightning, he has spears who's points are full of posion as the sting of hornets, he has also a wooden bow with some arrows. Furthermore, he is stronger than iron ...

    - Ibn Kemal, Historian of the Turkish court during Skanderbeg's war against the Turks.

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    How do you explain Schyntians fail into 4 different genetic clusters ? That is very suprising, even considering we knew they were diverse genetically. What about Sarmatians, who are they closest to , how do they differ from Schyntians ?

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    Quote Originally Posted by Kelmendasi View Post
    Interesting, the east Eurasian element explains the Q1a. They're supposed to be Iranic speakers iirc. I would've expected them to be like the Scythians
    I'm starting to doubt if Scythians were Iranic speakers. They apparently originated from Eastern Yamnaya, not Srubnaya or Sintashta.

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    One of the Cimmerian samples plotted with the Scythians and Sarmatians whilst the other plotted with peoples from Iron Age Altai region. "the Cimmerians appear in the Pontic-Caspian steppe. In the PCA, the chronologically youngest Cimmerian individual (cim357) grouped within the SC including all Sarmatians, one Srubnaya-Alakulskaya individual, and three Scythian individuals. The other Cimmerian individuals were positioned in close proximity to a number of eastern Iron Age individuals from the Altai region". Really interesting
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    The Albanians, these tigers of mountain wars ... have as their religion rebellion. Even their worst warrior is one of the strongest and bravest on the battle-field, just as if he was a knight on the legendary horse. But he has no horse, nor proper weapons for battle. Instead of the horse, he has a lance which strikes as lightning, he has spears who's points are full of posion as the sting of hornets, he has also a wooden bow with some arrows. Furthermore, he is stronger than iron ...

    - Ibn Kemal, Historian of the Turkish court during Skanderbeg's war against the Turks.

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