Do human races exist, or ever existed in the past?

[Peterski]

When I run Classical Clustering of populations from my Basic World K10 Global25 calculator using PAST5 software:

https://www.exploreyourdna.com/calcu...apuscinski.htm

https://www.nhm.uio.no/english/research/resources/past/

I can't help but notice that all of the major clusters which emerged correspond quite well to old racial classifications:

https://i.imgur.com/kt5USfC.png



At first, not surprisingly, the algorithm divided populations into Africans and all Non-Africans.

1. Secondly Africans were divided into South Africans and all other Africans.
2. Thirdly all other Africans were divided into Central Africans and others.
3. Then other Africans were divided into West Africans and North-East Africans.

In old racial classifications, these divisions correspond to Capoids (South Africans), Bambutids (Central Africans) and Negroids (West Africans and apparently also North-East Africans, but only these without much of West Eurasian admixture, such as the modern Dinka or ancient East African foragers from Kenya, Tanzania and Ethiopia).

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Non-Africans were divided by the clustering algorithm initially into two groups:

1. Sahulians (inhabitants of the old continent of Sahul) and all other Non-Africans.
2. Then other Non-Africans were divided into West Eurasians and all other Eurasians.
3. Then all other Eurasians were divided into East and South Eurasians and Native Americans.
4. Then the former group was divided into East Eurasians (or East Asians) and South Eurasians.

In old racial classifications, these divisions correspond to Australoids (Sahulians), Caucasoids (West Eurasians), Veddoids & Negritoids (South Eurasians), Mongoloids (East Eurasians) and Amerinds (Amerindians, who descended from Beringians). Veddoids refers to these South Asians who don't have much of West Eurasian admixture.

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Map of original distribution of each cluster:



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What do you think about this? Are there any publications which seriously deal with this subject?

[Opie]

What you call West Eurasian has also Basal Eurasian admixture.

East Africans and Indians were considered Caucasoid but their West Eurasian admixture significantly lower than Europeans.

[Peterski]

East Africans and Indians were considered Caucasoid

Not really.

Indians without much of Caucasoid admixture (such as various Dravidian tribes) were considered Veddoids.

East African foragers such as the Hadza or tribes such as the Dinka were also never considered Caucasoid.

Of course there are many groups in India and in the Horn of Africa with significant Caucasoid admixture.

[Opie]

Not really.

Indians without much of Caucasoid admixture (such as various Dravidian tribes) were considered Veddoids.

East African foragers such as the Hadza or tribes such as the Dinka were also never considered Caucasoid.

Yes, South Indians were considered Veddoid but North Indians’ West Eurasian admixture is still significantly lower than Europeans.

[Peterski]

Yes, South Indians were considered Veddoid but North Indians’ West Eurasian admixture is still significantly lower than Europeans.

Yes North Indians are mixed-race people, just like Somalis or Sudanese Arabs:

https://www.razib.com/wordpress/2017...tin-americans/

Only some tribes in India today are close to 100% AASI in terms of ancestry.

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For example Nihali and Paniya are on average over 80% AASI. And some individuals are more.

[Scandal]

What does race mean? Is there a widely accepted definition? The question seems philosophical.

As far as I know, race is not a frequently used term in biology. "Sub-species" is more often used eg.

Whether race exists or not, does not really matter. Even if it does not exist, the inherent differences between different human populations remain.

[Mortimer]

Genetic clusters exist
Phenotypical differences exist
The two correlate and overlap but not hundred percent the same

Human genetic clusters are not clinical but gradual though

Humans have probably all the same ultimate origin
Throughout the centuries there were migration movements invasions and genocides leading to human populations diversity we have now it was a gradual process not static and eternal

The social perception plays a role too like a mullato can be biracial or black but not white

[Mortimer]

Whether race exists or not, does not really matter. Even if it does not exist, the inherent differences between different human populations remain.

This and a social factor plays a role

[Mortimer]

For example Nihali and Paniya are on average over 80% AASI. And some individuals are more.

Run roma on your cluster please and tell me where they are on the PCA please thanks

[Peterski]

What does race mean?

I found such definition (page 38):

https://www.researchgate.net/publica...aneous_Utility

"Races are organismic groups which differentiated from one another as a result of historic patterns of filiation; they are groups, which due to histories of sufficient linebreeding, form intraspecific natural divisions, ones which can be identified based on the correlations between the organisms' inherited characters."

Maybe this book has a better one:

https://emilkirkegaard.dk/en/wp-cont...Baker-Race.pdf