Do human races exist, or ever existed in the past?

[Peterski]

By the way the notion of race never was based on the premise of a purity without any mixing.

For example John R. Baker in his 1974 book "Race", in chapter "The meaning of race", wrote:

"(...) The reader is aware that in following a widely distributed animal over its range, one often notices alterations in its appearance. The changes are particularly evident wherever a partial geographical barrier intervenes, such as a range of mountains, a desert, or a wide river. The populations on the two sides of the barrier are not, however, entirely distinct. Intermediates are found, and there is often direct evidence of interbreeding, though not on a sufficient scale to make the two populations indistinguishable. If the two populations are so distinct that one can generally tell from which region a specimen was obtained, it is usual to give separate names to the two races. If every specimen could be identified with certainty as belonging to one population or the other, it would be evident that no gene-flow occurred between the two, and they would therefore be regarded as different species in the genetical sense of the word, however small the differences might be. It is the fact that intermediates do occur that defines the race. (...)"

Then he added:

"(...) For practical purposes it may be found convenient to make an arbitrary decision as to the proportion of intermediates that are allowable, if different races are to be recognized. One may argue that a population ‘A’ is distinguishable from a population 'B’ if x% of the individuals constituting population ‘A’ can be recognized as not belonging to population ‘B'. It will be understood that the correct value to be assigned to x cannot be discovered by objective means; nevertheless, if a high figure (perhaps 75%) is agreed upon by taxonomists, one can scarcely doubt that there is a distinction worthy of recognition as subspecific or ‘racial’. Very commonly, however, the differences observed are so evident, and x is clearly so high, that no statistical investigation is necessary to convince other taxonomists that races should be distinguished. (...)"

[Kowalski]

https://www.exploreyourdna.com/calcu...apuscinski.htm

Target: Repent:RealG25_scaled
Distance: 5.8711% / 0.05871072
29.6 West_Eurasian:Yamnaya_RUS_Samara
22.4 West_Eurasian:TUR_Barcin_N
16.2 West_Eurasian:TUR_Tell_Kurdu_EC
14.8 West_Eurasian:UKR_N
14.4 West_Eurasian:UKR_Meso
2.6 East_Eurasian:CHN_Yellow_River_LN

Target: Repent:RealG25_scaled
Distance: 5.8711% / 0.05871072
97.4 West_Eurasian
2.6 East_Eurasian

Distance to: Repent:RealG25_scaled
0.17797690 Pontic_Caspian_Steppe_East:RUS_Progress_EnG2001
0.18711958 Pontic_Caspian_Steppe_East:RUS_Progress_EnG2004
0.20264730 Mesopotamia_N:TUR_Cayonu_PPN_k12
0.20736073 Pontic_Caspian_Steppe_West:UKR_Meso:I5876
0.20942120 Pontic_Caspian_Steppe_West:UKR_Meso:I1819
0.20955827 Pontic_Caspian_Steppe_West:UKR_Meso:I1733
0.20988317 Pontic_Caspian_Steppe_West:UKR_Meso:I1763
0.21129642 Armenia_N:ARM_Aknashen_N:I3931
0.21142318 Armenia_N:ARM_Masis_Blur_N:I3930
0.21305582 Anatolia_N:TUR_Marmara_Barcin_N:I1098
0.21376169 Pontic_Caspian_Steppe_West:UKR_Meso:I5885
0.21591474 Anatolia_N:TUR_Marmara_Barcin_N:I0746
0.21813250 Anatolia_N:TUR_Marmara_Barcin_N:I1585
0.21901625 Anatolia_N:TUR_Marmara_Barcin_N:I0745
0.21933089 Anatolia_N:TUR_Marmara_Barcin_N:I0708
0.21989787 Anatolia_N:TUR_Marmara_Barcin_N:I1101
0.22103146 Anatolia_N:TUR_Marmara_Barcin_N:I0854
0.22103452 Anatolia_N:TUR_Marmara_Barcin_N:I1100
0.22117136 Anatolia_N:TUR_Marmara_Barcin_N:I1102
0.22135714 Anatolia_N:TUR_Marmara_Barcin_N:I0736
0.22159894 Anatolia_N:TUR_Marmara_Barcin_N:I1103
0.22188357 Mesopotamia_N:IRQ_Nemrik9_PPN:I6445
0.22258353 Anatolia_N:TUR_Marmara_Barcin_N:I1099
0.22680227 Anatolia_N:TUR_Marmara_Barcin_N:I1096
0.22845359 Anatolia_N:TUR_Marmara_Barcin_N:I1580

[Septentrion]

There is only one human race. However, there are many phenotypes. Nevertheless, historically, we been erroneously taught that there are many races. This is why, it's hard even for myself to think in those terms. The concept of many human races is so ingrained in us. Although it's a false concept!

[Kowalski]

There is only one human race. However, there are many phenotypes. Nevertheless, historically, we been erroneously taught that there are many races. This is why, it's hard even for myself to think in those terms. The concept of many human races is so ingrained in us. Although it's a false concept!

What is the name of that human race? Set the examples with the image or just say that are what are known as Caucasoids, Mongoloids and Negroids are the same human race?

[Athelwulf]

Genetic clusters exist
Phenotypical differences exist
The two correlate and overlap but not hundred percent the same

Human genetic clusters are not clinical but gradual though

Humans have probably all the same ultimate origin
Throughout the centuries there were migration movements invasions and genocides leading to human populations diversity we have now it was a gradual process not static and eternal

The social perception plays a role too like a mullato can be biracial or black but not white

Do you believe that certain races have undergone natural selection processes for traits like higher intelligence? I believe it. I think that this even happened in hunter gatherer populations. For instance the "Cold Winters Theory" posits that ice age winters weeded out the dumb people and led to beneficial mutations for intelligence being selected. Then after humans adopted new forms of society, like agriculture and pastoralism, that also selected for intelligence. Pastoralism in the steppes is said to be the reason that Indo-Europeans become so successful. It selected for warlike people, and if you were not intelligent you would not survive. Combine that and hundreds or even thousands of generations, and you can kinda see where I'm coming from. I wish this wasn't the case as it is a depressing view of other humans, but...

Change my view. Anyone, if you can. Otherwise, I will continue believing this.