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Which ethnic group has the highest ANE?
Hey everyone, I think we all know that Balts have the highest WHG. However, which European/Middle Eastern/Central South Asian ethnicity has the highest ANE?
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Afontova Gora 100.00 (Paleolithic & Mesolithic Siberian)
Paniyas 47.70
Balochi 43.20
Kurd 42.80
Sindhi 42.10
Punjabi 41.96
Turkish 25.03
Druze 24.20
Syrian 23.80
Lebanese 22.60
Jordanian 21.90
Cypriot 22.20
Russian 19.92
Italian south 19.66
Ukrainian 19.48
Greek 19.40
Amerindians would score the most globally (+/- 50%)
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Thank you! Is this from G25?Originally Posted by Petalpusher
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Official G25 samples:
Mod Pop Ave Scaled:
Distance to: Russia_AfontovaGora3:AfontovaGora3_noUDG_d
0.23692504 Udmurt
0.24409038 Saami
0.24640581 Besermyan
0.25223715 Tlingit
0.25621189 Saami_Kola
0.25833050 Komi
0.26167273 Russian_Leshukonsky
0.26545381 Chuvash
0.26681886 Mari
0.27273159 Russian_Pinezhsky
0.27357959 Tatar_Kazan
0.27545205 Pamiri_Sarikoli_China
0.27570008 Pamiri_Wakhi
0.27584837 Pamiri_Shugnan
0.27625638 Pamiri_Sarikoli
0.27753645 Pamiri_Ishkashim
0.27809787 Ror
0.27822349 Russian_Pinega
0.27853333 Finnish_East
0.27959280 Pamiri_Rushan
0.27984722 Pamiri_Badakhshan
0.28137039 Jat_Uttar_Pradesh
0.28181396 Jat_Haryana
0.28201712 Karelian
0.28223439 Vepsian
Ancient Pop Ave Scaled:
Distance to: Russia_AfontovaGora3:AfontovaGora3_noUDG_d
0.00000000 Russia_AfontovaGora3
0.06746895 Russia_Tyumen_HG
0.09129851 Russia_MA1_HG.SG
0.09200415 Russia_Sosnoviy_HG
0.09265295 Kazakhstan_Botai_Eneolithic.SG
0.10022877 China_Xinjiang_Xiaohe_BA.SG
0.10072705 China_Xinjiang_Xiaohe_BA
0.10210674 Russia_MLBA_Sintashta_o3
0.10577892 Kazakhstan_Botai_Eneolithic
0.11076441 Kazakhstan_Dali_EBA
0.11711127 China_Xinjiang_Beifang_Xiaohe_BA.SG
0.12173065 Kazakhstan_Kumsay_EBA
0.12301742 Russia_MLBA_Sintashta_o1
0.12382699 Kazakhstan_MLBA_OyDzhaylau_o
0.12406206 Kazakhstan_Mereke_MBA
0.12431047 Russia_Steppe_Maikop
0.12619217 Kazakhstan_Maitan_MLBA_Alakul_o2
0.14128893 Russia_Potapovka_o1
0.14198616 Russia_EHG
0.14742355 Russia_Srubnaya_o1
0.15388859 China_Xinjiang_Nileke_Afanasievo_BA.SG
0.15446189 Mongolia_EBA_Chemurchek_2
0.15820441 China_Xinjiang_Chaganguole_BA_Chemurcheck
0.15821418 Russia_Samara_HG
0.15823212 Russia_Karelia_HG
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Among modern populations, Selkups, Kets, Mansis, and Khantys have the highest proportion of Ancient North Eurasian ancestry, after Amerindians. Historically, West Siberian Hunter-Gatherers, Eastern Hunter-Gatherers, the Botai culture, and the Tarim Mummies had the most ANE ancestry. Okunevo pastoralists also possessed a significant amount.
This claim seems unsubstantiated, resembling a response you might find on Quora. Can you provide sources for the specific percentages of ANE ancestry?
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Distribution
By c. 32kya, populations carrying ANE-related ancestry were probably widely distributed across northeast Eurasia. They may have expanded as far as Alaska and the Yukon, but were forced to abandon high latitude regions following the onset of harsher climatic conditions that came with the Last Glacial Maximum.
Populations genetically similar to MA-1 and Afontova Gora were an important genetic contributor to Native Americans, Europeans, Ancient Central Asians, South Asians, and some East Asian groups, in order of significance. Lazaridis et al. (2016) note "a cline of ANE ancestry across the east-west extent of Eurasia". A 2016 study found that the global maximum of ANE ancestry occurs in modern-day Kets, Mansi, Native Americans, and Selkups.
The ancient Bronze-age-steppe Yamnaya and Afanasevo cultures were found to have a significant ANE-like component at c. 25–50% via their EHG ancestry. According to Moreno-Mayar et al. 2018 between 14% and 38% of Native American ancestry may originate from gene flow from the Mal'ta–Buret' (ANE) population. This difference is caused by the penetration of posterior "Neo-Siberian" migrations into the Americas, with the lowest percentages of ANE ancestry found in Inuit and Alaskan Natives, as these groups are the result of migrations into the Americas roughly 5,000 years ago. Estimates for ANE ancestry among first wave Native Americans show higher percentages, such as 42% for those belonging to the Andean region in South America. The other gene flow in Native Americans (the remainder of their ancestry) was of an East Asian-related origin, specifically diverged from other East Asians c. 30,000 years ago. Gene sequencing of another south-central Siberian people (Afontova Gora-2) dating to approximately 17,000 years ago, revealed similar autosomal genetic signatures to that of Mal'ta boy-1, suggesting that the region was continuously occupied by humans throughout the Last Glacial Maximum.
Genomic studies also indicate that the ANE component was brought to Western Europe by people related to the Yamnaya culture, long after the Paleolithic. It is reported in modern-day Europeans (10%–20%). Earlier ANE ancestry is found in European hunter-gatherer populations through Paleolithic interactions with Eastern European Hunter-Gatherers, which resulted in populations such as Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers. Western Hunter-Gatherers of the Villabruna cluster also carried the Y-haplogroup R1b, derived from the Ancient North Eurasian haplogroup R*, indicating "an early link between Europe and the western edge of the Steppe Belt of Eurasia."
A deer tooth pendant impregnated with the genetic material of an ANE woman was found in the Denisova Cave, and dated to circa 24,700 years before present. She is closely related to Mal'ta and Afontova Gora specimens, found further east.
An early Neolithic Central Asian specimen (Tutkaul1) from Tajikistan was found to be primarily derived from Ancient North Eurasians with some additional Neolithic Iranian-related inputs. The sample is closely related to Afontova Gora 3 (AG3) and Mal’ta 1, as well as to the West Siberian hunter-gatherers (Tyumen and Sosnoviy). While the sample also displays affinity for Eastern hunter-gatherers (EHGs), AG3 was found to be closer to EHGs than Tutkaul1, who instead may be a good proxy for ANE-related ancestry among ancient populations from the Iran and the Turan region.
The Ancient Tianyuan Man and modern East/Southeast Asian populations were found to lack Upper Paleolithic Western Eurasian or ANE-related admixture, suggesting "resistance of those groups to the incoming UP population movements", or alternatively a subsequent reexpansion from a genetically East Asian-like population reservoir.
Groups partially derived from the Ancient North Eurasians
Native American contribution
Main article: Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
According to Jennifer Raff, the Ancient North Eurasian population mixed with a daughter population of ancient East Asians, who they encountered around 25,000 years ago, which lead to the emergence of Native American ancestral populations. However, the exact location where the admixture took place is unknown, and the migratory movements that united the two populations are a matter of debate.
One theory supposes that Ancient North Eurasians migrated south to East Asia, or Southern Siberia, where they would have encountered and mixed with ancient East Asians. Genetic evidence from Lake Baikal in Mongolia supports this area as the location where the admixture took place.
However, a third theory, the "Beringian standstill hypothesis", suggests that East Asians instead migrated north to Northeastern Siberia, where they mixed with ANE, and later diverged in Beringia, where distinct Native American lineages formed. This theory is supported by maternal and nuclear DNA evidence. According to Grebenyuk, after 20,000 BP, a branch of Ancient East Asians migrated to Northeastern Siberia, and mixed with descendants of the ANE, leading to the emergence of Ancient Paleo-Siberian and Native American populations in Extreme Northeastern Asia. However, the Beringian standstill hypothesis is not supported by paternal DNA evidence, which may reflect different population histories for paternal and maternal lineages in Native Americans, which is not uncommon and has been observed in other populations.
The descendants of admixture between ANE and ancient East Asians include Ancient Beringian/Ancestral Native American, which are specific archaeogenetic lineages, based on the genome of an infant found at the Upward Sun River site (dubbed USR1), dated to 11,500 years ago. The AB and the Ancestral Native American (ANA) lineage formed about 25,000 years ago, and subsequently diverged from each other, with the AB staying in the Beringian region, while the Ancestral Native Americans populated the Americas. The ANE genetic contribution to late-Paeolithic Ancestral Native Americans (USR1 specimen, dated to 11,500 BP in Alaska, and Clovis specimen, dated to 12,600 BP in Montana) is estimated at 36.8%. There are also the Ancient Paleo-Siberians, populations represented by the Late Upper Paeolithic Lake Baikal Ust'Kyakhta-3 (UKY) 14,050-13,770 BP. They carried 30% ANE ancestry and 70% East Asian ancestry.
Gill et al. 2024 modeled the Ancestral Native Americans (USR1) to derive around 44% ancestry from Ancient North Eurasians and 56% from a deep East Asian source.
Jomon people
Jōmon people, the pre-Neolithic population of Japan, mainly derived their ancestry from East Asian lineages, but also received geneflow from the ANE-related "Ancient North Siberians" (represented by samples from the Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site) prior to the migration from the Asian mainland to the Japanese archipelago. Jōmon ancestry is still found among the inhabitants of present-day Japan: most markedly among the Ainu people, who are considered the direct descendants of the Jōmon people, and to a small, but significant degree among the majority of the Japanese population.
Siberian and Asian Holocene populations
Altai hunter-gatherer is the name given to Middle Holocene Siberian hunter-gatherers within the Altai-Sayan region in Southern Siberia. They originated from the admixture of Paleo-Siberian and Ancient North Eurasian groups and show increased affinity towards Native Americans. Bronze Age groups from North and Inner Asia with significant ANE ancestry (e.g. Lake Baikal hunter-gatherers, Okunevo pastoralists) can be successfully modeled with Altai hunter-gatherers as a proximal ANE-derived ancestry source. The Okunevos and Botai can be considered as direct descendents of the Ancient North Eurasians (ANE), specifically of the Malta-Buret people.
West Siberian Hunter-Gatherer (WSHG) is a specific archaeogenetic lineage that was first reported by Narasimhan et al. (2019). It can be modeled as 20% EHG, 73% ANE and 6% Ancient Northeast Asian. Although only represented by three sampled hunter-gatherer individuals from Tyumen Oblast in the Russian Forest Zone east of the Urals dated ca. 5,000 BCE, high-levels of WSHG-like ancestry can be detected in various populations of Central Asia until the Bronze Age. The population of the Botai culture, while probably not directly descended from WSHG, displays a high affinity with the WSHG lineage. The European-Siberian cline defined by Eastern hunter-gatherer-like ancestry streched from Central Europe to Siberia and was already established 10,000 years ago, including the West Siberian hunter-gatherers, all deriving their ancestry primarily from Paleolithic Siberians (ANE).
Lake Baikal Holocene - Among the Ancient Northeast Asians (ANA) of the Neolithic to Early Bronze Age period, Baikal Eneolithic (Baikal_EN) and Baikal Early Bronze Age (Baikal_EBA) derived 6.4% to 20.1% ancestry from ANE, while the rest of their ancestry was derived from ANA. Fofonovo_EN near by Lake Baikal were mixture of 12-17% ANE ancestry and 83-87% ANA ancestry.
Tarim mummies
A 2021 genetic study on the Tarim mummies found that they were primarily descended from a population represented by the Afontova Gora 3 specimen (AG3), genetically displaying "high affinity" with it. The genetic profile of the Afontova Gora 3 individual represented about 72% of the ancestry of the Tarim mummies, while the remaining 28% of their ancestry was derived from a population represented by the Baikal EBA (Early Bronze Age Northeast Asian Baikal populations).
The Tarim mummies are thus one of the rare Holocene populations who derive most of their ancestry from the Ancient North Eurasians (ANE, specifically the Mal'ta and Afontova Gora populations), despite their distance in time (around 14,000 years). Having survived in a type of "genetic bottleneck" in the Tarim basin where they preserved and perpetuated their ANE ancestry, the Tarim mummies, more than any other ancient populations, can be considered as "the best representatives" of the Ancient North Eurasians.
West Asian populations
Mesolithic Iranian hunter-gatherers and Neolithic Iranian farmers as well as Caucasus hunter-gatherers (CHG) are inferred to have derived significant amounts of their ancestry from Ancient North Eurasians. Allentoft et al. 2024 modeled the Neolithic Iranians to derive appopximately 52% ancestry from Ancient North Eurasians, with the remainder ancestry (48%) being derived from Basal Eurasians. The CHG displayed additional geneflow from a Paleolithic Caucasus/Anatolian source (c. 20%) and additional ANE-like admixture (c. 10%). An alternative model without the need of significant amounts of ANE ancestry has been presented by Vallini et al. 2024, suggesting that Ancient Iranians (Iranian hunter-gatherers) formed from a deep Ancient West Eurasian lineage (WEC2, around 72%), and from minor geneflow from Basal Eurasian (around 18%) and Ancient East Eurasian (around 10%) sources. The Ancient West Eurasian component associated with Iranian hunter-gatherers is inferred to have diverged from the West Eurasian Core lineage (represented by Kostenki-14; WEC), with the WEC2 component staying in the region of the Iranian Plateau, while the proper WEC component expanded into Europe.
European populations
Further information: Eastern Hunter-Gatherer, Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer, and Western Steppe Herders
Lazaridis et al. (2014) detected ANE ancestry among modern European populations in proportions up to 20%. In ancient European populations, the ANE genetic component is visible in tests of the Yamnaya people but not of Western or Central Europeans predating the Corded Ware culture: ANE ancestry was introduced in the European gene pool with the Eastern Hunter-Gatherer (EHG) lineage which derived significant ancestry from the ANE, c. 70%, with the remaining ancestry from a group more closely related to, but distinct from, Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHGs). It is represented by multiple individuals, such as from Yuzhny Oleny in Karelia, one of Y-haplogroup R1a-M417, dated c. 8.4 kya, the other of Y-haplogroup J, dated c. 7.2 kya; and one individual from Samara, of Y-haplogroup R1b-P297, dated c. 7.6 kya, as well as individuals from Sidelkino and Popovo. After the end of the Last Glacial Maximum, the Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHG) and EHG lineages merged in Eastern Europe, accounting for early presence of ANE-derived ancestry in Mesolithic Europe. Evidence suggests that as Ancient North Eurasians migrated westward from Eastern Siberia, they absorbed Western Hunter-Gatherers and other West Eurasian populations as well.
Villalba-Mouco et al. 2023 confirmed the strong affinity between the Eastern European Hunter-Gatherers (EHG) to the Ancient North Eurasians, and also found a low affinity to the Tianyuan man, explained by them having received significant amounts of ANE ancestry.
Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer (SHG) is represented by several individuals buried at Motala, Sweden ca. 6000 BC. They were descended from Western Hunter-Gatherers who initially settled Scandinavia from the south, and received later admixture from EHG who entered Scandinavia from the north through the coast of Norway.
Western Steppe Herders (WSH) is the name given to a distinct ancestral component that represents descent closely related to the Yamnaya culture of the Pontic–Caspian steppe. This ancestry is often referred to as Yamnaya ancestry or Steppe ancestry, and was formed from EHG and CHG (Caucasus hunter-gatherer) in about equal proportions.
Phenotype prediction
Genomic studies by Raghavan et al. (2014) and Fu et al. (2016) suggested that Mal'ta boy may have had brown eyes, and relatively dark hair and dark skin, while cautioning that this analysis was based on an extremely low coverage of DNA that might not give an accurate prediction of pigmentation. Mathieson, et al. (2018) could not determine if Mal'ta 1 boy had the derived allele associated with blond hair in ANE descendants, as they could obtain no coverage for this SNP.
Anthropologic research
Kozintsev (2020) argues that the historical Southern Siberian Okunevo population, which derives most of their ancestry from Ancient North Eurasians and their closest relatives, as possessing a distinct craniometric phenotype, which he dubbed "Americanoid", which represents the variation of the first humans in Siberia."
Zhang et al. (2021) proposed that the 'Western' like features of the earlier Tarim mummies could be attributed to their Ancient North Eurasian ancestry. Previous craniometric analyses on the early Tarim mummies found that they formed their own cluster, and clustered with neither European-related Steppe pastoralists of the Andronovo and Afanasievo cultures, nor with inhabitants of the Western Asian BMAC culture, nor with East Asian populations further east.
Evolution of blond hair
Blond hair is associated with a single nucleotide polymorphism, the mutated allele rs12821256 of the KITLG gene. The earliest known individual with this allele is a female south-central Siberian ANE individual from the Afontova Gora 3 site, which is dated to c. 17,000 before present (the earlier ANE Mal'ta boy lacks the sequence coverage to make this determination). The allele then appears later in ANE-derived Eastern Hunter-Gatherer (EHG) populations at Samara, Motala and Ukraine, circa 10,000 BP, and then in populations with Steppe ancestry. Mathieson, et al. (2018) thus argued that this allele originated in the Ancient North Eurasian population, before spreading to western Eurasia.
Geneticist David Reich said that the KITLG gene for blond hair probably entered continental Europe in a population migration wave from the Eurasian steppe, by a population carrying substantial Ancient North Eurasian ancestry. Hanel and Carlberg (2020) likewise report that populations derived Ancient North Eurasian ancestry, specifically the Eastern Hunter-Gatherers and the Yamnayas, were responsible for transmitting this gene to Europeans. The gene was also found among the Tarim mummies.
Last edited by Russki; 05-24-2024 at 01:25 PM.
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What claim are we talking about? It's K6 ANE on Gedmatch, it was posted before here (quick search).
Besides, there is a difference between who has the most ANE and who is the closest to it. If you had a population in the mesolithic, let's say who mixed with WHG from East Asia for some reasons, they would have today the most WHG but it would be very far from WHG, more so than any European population. Because their East Asian is very unrelated to WHG.
Amerindians and South Asians definetly have the Most ANE in modern populations today.
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That calculator is lackluster, as it's missing core components for South Asians and Middle Easterners.
I apologize, I didn't understand half of what you meant. So I'll repeat myself. "Among modern populations, Selkups, Kets, Mansis, and Khantys have the highest proportion of Ancient North Eurasian ancestry, after Amerindians." I wasn't talking about who is closer or far, as it's irrelevant to the topic.
Amerindians are directly descended from Ancient North Eurasians. However, South Asians share less ANE ancestry compared to Siberians, that was my point. Does Paniya -a Dravidian population- or Kurds -who are roughly half Mesopotamian and half Persian- have more ANE ancestry than a Ket? Simply, no.
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Oh so it's not unsubstanciated, you just don't like that calculator. Same in the only other calculator designed specifically for ANE. Eurogenes ANE K7:
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets...gid=1051326962
Karitiana, Burusho, Pathan, then Selkup, Ket, etc..
By the way you wouldn't want a modern reference in an ancient calculator. Of course if you insert a "south asian" component in there it's gonna capture the ANE they harbor, that's the goal to not do that, same for their Oceanian. In the same way if i put an Amerindian component, all of a sudden actual Amerindians score no ANE anymore...
I don't think it was rocket science but distance is not irrelevant as these populations are likely the one who would the most resemble the original ANE, they just don't have the most amount of direct ancestry from ANE. More often than not, people confuse the two, as demonstrated again above.
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Could you explain this part? i really didnt expect south italians to be that ANE-shifted, more than a Eastern euro pop.
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