The Genetic Origin of the Indo-Europeans

[Ajeje Brazorf]

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589597v1.full.pdf

Supplementary Information: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2024/04/18/2024.04.17.589597/DC1/embed/media-1.pdf

The Yamnaya archaeological complex appeared around 3300BCE across the steppes north of the Black and Caspian Seas, and by 3000BCE reached its maximal extent from Hungary in the west to Kazakhstan in the east. To localize the ancestral and geographical origins of the Yamnaya among the diverse Eneolithic people that preceded them, we studied ancient DNA data from 428 individuals of which 299 are reported for the first time, demonstrating three previously unknown Eneolithic genetic clines.

First, a “Caucasus-Lower Volga” (CLV) Cline suffused with Caucasus hunter-gatherer (CHG) ancestry extended between a Caucasus Neolithic southern end in Neolithic Armenia, and a steppe northern end in Berezhnovka in the Lower Volga. Bidirectional gene flow across the CLV cline created admixed intermediate populations in both the north Caucasus, such as the Maikop people, and on the steppe, such as those at the site of Remontnoye north of the Manych depression. CLV people also helped form two major riverine clines by admixing with distinct groups of European hunter-gatherers.

A “Volga Cline” was formed as Lower Volga people mixed with upriver populations that had more Eastern hunter-gatherer (EHG) ancestry, creating genetically hyper-variable populations as at Khvalynsk in the Middle Volga.

A “Dnipro Cline” was formed as CLV people bearing both Caucasus Neolithic and Lower Volga ancestry moved west and acquired Ukraine Neolithic hunter-gatherer (UNHG) ancestry to establish the population of the Serednii Stih culture from which the direct ancestors of the Yamnaya themselves were formed around 4000BCE. This population grew rapidly after 3750-3350BCE, precipitating the expansion of people of the Yamnaya culture who totally displaced previous groups on the Volga and further east, while admixing with more sedentary groups in the west.

CLV cline people with Lower Volga ancestry contributed four fifths of the ancestry of the Yamnaya, but also, entering Anatolia from the east, contributed at least a tenth of the ancestry of Bronze Age Central Anatolians, where the Hittite language, related to the Indo-European languages spread by the Yamnaya, was spoken. We thus propose that the final unity of the speakers of the “Proto-Indo-Anatolian” ancestral language of both Anatolian and Indo-European languages can be traced to CLV cline people sometime between 4400-4000 BCE.

https://i.imgur.com/6kCqqGt.jpeg

https://i.imgur.com/14KB97p.png

https://i.imgur.com/YygBWUz.png

https://i.imgur.com/tXAMbFj.png

https://i.imgur.com/9ILxpAg.png

[Ajeje Brazorf]

An interesting quote:


We in fact find Y-chromosome evidence that is consistent with the autosomal evidence. Sporadic instances of the steppe-associated Y chromosome haplogroup R-V1636 in West Asia occurred at Arslantepe in Eastern Anatolia and Kalavan in Armenia in the Early Bronze Age (~3300-2500 BCE) among individuals without detectible steppe ancestry and these could be remnants of the dilution process.

[Ajeje Brazorf]

So, these are the coordinates from the study (old + new samples)

https://pastebin.com/raw/MNP2Xucw

[celticdragongod]

Distance to: CDG_scaled
0.08592803 Romania_EBA_Yamnaya_oSouth:I18819__BC_2750__Cov_18 .39%
0.08747595 Hungary_EBA_Yamnaya_o:I3511__BC_2624__Cov_15.04%
0.10551721 Hungary_EBA_Yamnaya_onjp:I18099__BC_2770__Cov_55.5 1%
0.10767304 Hungary_EBA_Yamnaya_onjp:I2762__BC_2897__Cov_55.34 %
0.11102654 Serbia_EBA_Yamnaya:I20499__BC_2760__Cov_24.99%
0.12103883 Moldova_EBA_Yamnaya:I10206__BC_2700__Cov_21.09%
0.12323216 Ukraine_EBA_Deriivka:I5882_enhanced__BC_3055__Cov_ 85.37%
0.12517570 Romania_EBA_Catacomb:I12825__BC_2575__Cov_14.28%
0.12649489 Romania_Brailita_EBA_Yamnaya:I14119__BC_2935__Cov_ 61.94%
0.12719548 Russia_Rostov_EBA_Yamnaya_B:I26781__BC_2547__Cov_7 4.72%
0.12760890 Ukraine_EBA_Deriivka:I5884_enhanced__BC_2785__Cov_ 94.56%
0.12849710 Slovakia_EBA_Yamnaya:I7890__BC_2925__Cov_73.25%
0.12918808 Hungary_EBA_Yamnaya_o:I18100__BC_2759__Cov_47.28%
0.12987582 Slovakia_EBA_Yamnaya:I7891__BC_2568__Cov_62.86%
0.13154153 Russia_Rostov_EBA_Yamnaya:I26785__BC_2892__Cov_73. 47%
0.13208483 Russia_Rostov_EBA_Yamnaya_A:I6884__BC_2664__Cov_47 .73%
0.13231238 Romania_EBA_Yamnaya:I10499__BC_2795__Cov_66.83%
0.13246465 Romania_EBA_Yamnaya:I18820__BC_2719__Cov_60.44%
0.13334413 Moldova_EBA_Yamnaya:I7848__BC_2856__Cov_60.61%
0.13485710 Romania_EBA_Yamnaya:I10500__BC_2786__Cov_66.72%
0.13487860 Russia_Kalmykia_EasternManych_EMBA:I3787__BC_2366_ _Cov_7.90%
0.13518752 Moldova_EBA_Yamnaya:I10424__BC_2700__Cov_67.87%
0.13542477 Russia_Rostov_EBA_Yamnaya:I24089__BC_2901__Cov_59. 51%
0.13561900 Russia_Rostov_EBA_Yamnaya:I26783__BC_2646__Cov_69. 17%
0.13594885 Hungary_EBA_Yamnaya:I2772__BC_2831__Cov_72.71%

Target: CDG_scaled
Distance: 3.4306% / 0.03430601
30.0 Ukraine_N_Deriivka:I3719_enhanced__BC_4881__Cov_86 .68%
27.6 Ukraine_EBA_Deriivka:I5884_enhanced__BC_2785__Cov_ 94.56%
13.0 Serbia_EBA_Yamnaya:I20499__BC_2760__Cov_24.99%
10.2 Slovakia_EBA_Yamnaya:I7890__BC_2925__Cov_73.25%
7.4 Russia_Rostov_Steppe_NorthCaucasus_BA:I29561__BC_2 650__Cov_77.02%
5.0 Hungary_EBA_Yamnaya_onjp:I18099__BC_2770__Cov_55.5 1%
4.4 Slovakia_EBA_Yamnaya:I7891__BC_2568__Cov_62.86%
2.4 Russia_Samara_EBA_Yamnaya:I6728__BC_2982__Cov_71.3 3%

[Upsilander]

Target: Upsilander_Scaled
Distance: 2.9423% / 0.02942292
33.8 Ukraine_EBA_Deriivka
30.0 Ukraine_N_Deriivka
22.0 Serbia_EBA_Yamnaya
14.2 Hungary_EBA_Yamnaya_onjp


Distance to: Upsilander_Scaled
0.09369887 Romania_EBA_Yamnaya_oSouth:I18819__BC_2750__Cov_18 .39%
0.10190050 Hungary_EBA_Yamnaya_o:I3511__BC_2624__Cov_15.04%
0.11615154 Hungary_EBA_Yamnaya_o:I18100__BC_2759__Cov_47.28%
0.11874138 Ukraine_EBA_Deriivka:I5882_enhanced__BC_3055__Cov_ 85.37%
0.11902844 Hungary_EBA_Yamnaya_onjp:I2762__BC_2897__Cov_55.34 %
0.12040005 Hungary_EBA_Yamnaya_onjp:I18099__BC_2770__Cov_55.5 1%
0.12306445 Ukraine_EBA_Deriivka:I5884_enhanced__BC_2785__Cov_ 94.56%
0.12478961 Serbia_EBA_Yamnaya:I20499__BC_2760__Cov_24.99%
0.13437876 Moldova_EBA_Yamnaya:I10206__BC_2700__Cov_21.09%
0.13890763 Romania_EBA_Catacomb:I12825__BC_2575__Cov_14.28%
0.13984722 Russia_Rostov_EBA_Yamnaya_B:I26781__BC_2547__Cov_7 4.72%
0.14120372 Russia_Rostov_EBA_Yamnaya_A:I6884__BC_2664__Cov_47 .73%
0.14213058 Romania_Brailita_EBA_Yamnaya:I14119__BC_2935__Cov_ 61.94%
0.14384412 Russia_Rostov_EBA_Yamnaya:I26785__BC_2892__Cov_73. 47%
0.14530718 Slovakia_EBA_Yamnaya:I7890__BC_2925__Cov_73.25%
0.14573014 Slovakia_EBA_Yamnaya:I7891__BC_2568__Cov_62.86%
0.14575640 Romania_EBA_Yamnaya:I18820__BC_2719__Cov_60.44%
0.14694014 Romania_EBA_Yamnaya:I10499__BC_2795__Cov_66.83%
0.14726150 Russia_Kalmykia_EasternManych_EMBA:I3787__BC_2366_ _Cov_7.90%
0.14737725 Russia_Rostov_EBA_Yamnaya:I26782__BC_2694__Cov_71. 95%
0.14786348 Russia_Rostov_EBA_Yamnaya:I26783__BC_2646__Cov_69. 17%
0.14803667 Moldova_EBA_Yamnaya:I7848__BC_2856__Cov_60.61%
0.14818787 Russia_Rostov_EBA_Yamnaya_A:I8950__BC_2844__Cov_41 .97%
0.14878774 Russia_Rostov_EBA_Yamnaya:I24089__BC_2901__Cov_59. 51%
0.14898094 Hungary_EBA_Yamnaya:I2772__BC_2831__Cov_72.71%

[cass]

Unfortunately, apart from the wedge in Deriivka N/EBA and Yamnaya Serbia vs Yamanya Slovakia/Hungary, I don't see any special regularities.

Target: cass
Distance: 3.2610% / 0.03260974
39.6 Ukraine_N_Deriivka
20.4 Ukraine_EBA_Deriivka
16.8 Serbia_EBA_Yamnaya
12.8 Slovakia_EBA_Yamnaya
10.4 Hungary_EBA_Yamnaya

https://i.ibb.co/BBCj42t/Zrzut-ekranu-29-10-2024-114748-vahaduo-github-io.jpg (https://ibb.co/5LRvYh6)

https://i.ibb.co/JztfYkP/Zrzut-ekranu-29-10-2024-114943-vahaduo-github-io.jpg (https://ibb.co/2jhDzKB)

[Ajeje Brazorf]

Another interesting find is the discovery of a Khvalynsk-like individual in Hungary from 4200 BC.


Distance to: Hungary_Csongrád-Kettőshalom-Bárdostanya_N:I5124__BC_4255__Cov_59.52%
0.03104034 Russia_Saratov_Khvalynsk_Eneolithic:I6104__BC_4443 __Cov_86.69%
0.03251172 Russia_Saratov_Khvalynsk_Eneolithic:I6739__BC_4465 __Cov_73.71%
0.03733450 Russia_Saratov_Khlopkov-Bugor_Meso:I6300_enhanced__BC_5126__Cov_52.19%
0.03752371 Russia_Volgograd_Berezhnovka_N:I22200__BC_4768__Co v_83.27%
0.03838146 Russia_Saratov_Khvalynsk_Eneolithic:I6105__BC_4715 __Cov_86.55%

[unmoggable]

Target: unmoggable
Distance: 1.2622% / 0.01262188
28.8 England_N_Megalithic
23.0 Bulgaria_C_ProtoYamnaya
13.0 Russia_Samara_EBA_Yamnaya
11.2 Russia_Afanasievo_sister.I3387_mother.I6711.SG
9.6 Serbia_EBA_Yamnaya
3.6 Austria_N_LBK
3.2 Slovakia_N_LBK
2.0 Moldova_EBA_Yamnaya
2.0 Russia_BA_Steppe_NorthCaucasus.SG
2.0 Ukraine_EBA_Yamnaya
1.6 Romania_PietreleMaguraGorgana_Gumelnita_C

0.05495283 Bulgaria_Yunatsite_EBA:YUN041__BC_2758__Cov_65.87%
0.05539408 Russia_Yaroslavl_Fatyanovo_BA:I12965__BC_2558__Cov _73.49%
0.06081077 Bulgaria_C_ProtoYamnaya:I1456__BC_3250__Cov_35.48%
0.06183244 Ukraine_CernavodaI_Kartal_C:KTL003__BC_3602__Cov_5 2.75%
0.06381177 Moldova_EBA_Yamnaya_o:I17747__BC_2710__Cov_46.54%
0.06577916 Ukraine_CernavodaI_Kartal_C:KTL008__BC_3675__Cov_1 9.23%
0.06671812 Ukraine_Eneolithic_Usatove_Usatove-BolsojKujalnik_C:UBK006__BC_3625__Cov_42.22%
0.06690698 Ukraine_CernavodaI_Kartal_C:KTL007__BC_3878__Cov_3 5.76%
0.06731024 Ukraine_Eneolithic_Usatove_Majaky_C:MAJ003__BC_374 5__Cov_73.54%
0.06913778 Ukraine_CernavodaI_Kartal_C:KTL006__BC_4017__Cov_7 8.78%
0.07152089 Russia_Ivanovo_Fatyanovo_BA:I7359__BC_2523__Cov_54 .91%
0.07216333 Ukraine_Eneolithic_Usatove_Majaky_C:MAJ002__BC_434 7__Cov_77.55%
0.07654291 Ukraine_Eneolithic_Usatove_Usatove-BolsojKujalnik_C:USV004__BC_3686__Cov_35.79%
0.07659451 Ukraine_Eneolithic_Usatove_Usatove-BolsojKujalnik_C:UBK003__BC_3882__Cov_34.59%
0.07717821 Ukraine_Usatove_N:I12710__BC_4133__Cov_40.25%
0.07779481 Ukraine_Usatove_N:I1423__BC_4250__Cov_52.70%
0.07875355 Ukraine_Usatove_N:I12706__BC_4264__Cov_77.09%
0.07933313 Ukraine_Eneolithic_Usatove_Usatove-BolsojKujalnik_C:USV005__BC_3582__Cov_75.88%
0.08063949 Romania_EBA_Yamnaya_oSouth:I18819__BC_2750__Cov_18 .39%
0.08131713 Ukraine_Eneolithic_Usatove_Majaky_C:MAJ009__BC_439 3__Cov_30.86%
0.08148870 Ukraine_Eneolithic_Usatove_Majaky_C:MAJ020__BC_387 1__Cov_61.29%
0.08326398 Hungary_EBA_Yamnaya_o:I3511__BC_2624__Cov_15.04%
0.08366777 Ukraine_Usatove_N:I7929__BC_3678__Cov_80.55%
0.08490014 Ukraine_Eneolithic_Usatove_Majaky_C:MAJ023__BC_414 1__Cov_41.09%
0.08531876 Bulgaria_Boyanovo_EBA:BOY019__BC_2805__Cov_9.32%

[Anatolya]

Target: Anatolya_scaled
Distance: 0.4861% / 0.00486091
18.8 Turkey_Marmara_Barcin_Chalcolithic
16.2 Israel_C
12.0 Georgia_Kotias_Mesolithic.SG
10.8 Bulgaria_Yunatsite_Chalcolithic_GumelnitaKaranovo
9.0 Iran_C_TepeHissar
8.2 Bulgaria_Varna_Chalcolithic
5.8 Moldova_EBA_Yamnaya
5.2 Turkey_Southeast_Titris_Hoyuk_EBA
4.4 Russia_Kalmykia_EBA_Yamnaya_o2
2.6 Turkey_Southeast_Batman_Chalcolithic
2.4 Russia_Samara_EBA_Yamnaya
2.2 TUR_SE_Gaziantep_BA
1.6 Kazakhstan_EBA_Yamnaya
0.4 Austria_N_LBK
0.4 Slovakia_N_LBK

[Demirkazık]

Target: Demir
Distance: 2.0898% / 0.02089827
27.8 Turkey_Southeast_Titris_Hoyuk_EBA
23.8 Russia_Khakassia_BA_Okunevo
21.6 Turkey_BlackSea_Ikiztepe_Chalcolithic
8.8 Bulgaria_C_ProtoYamnaya
5.0 Turkey_Southeast_Batman_Chalcolithic
3.4 Russia_Altai_Firsovo_N
2.2 Hungary_LN_Tisza
1.4 Cameroon_ShumLaka_SMA
1.4 Georgia_Kotias_Mesolithic.SG
1.4 Germany_EN_LBK
1.4 Turkey_East_Arslantepe_Chalcolithic
1.2 Romania_PietreleMaguraGorgana_Gumelnita_C
0.6 Israel_C

Target: Demir
Distance: 1.7950% / 0.01795000 | R5P
35.2 Ukraine_Usatove_N
25.6 Russia_Kalmykia_EBA_Yamnaya_o2
18.4 TUR_SE_Gaziantep_BA
11.2 Turkey_Southeast_Titris_Hoyuk_EBA
9.6 Turkey_East_Arslantepe_Chalcolithic

The outlier Kalmykia sample is probably misattributed, it is likely either a modern Karakalpak, Nogai, Western Kazakh, or a Turkic individual of some sort.

[tk'es]

Target: tk'es_scaled
Distance: 2.5912% / 0.02591159
32.0 Turkey_BlackSea_Ikiztepe_Chalcolithic
17.6 Georgia_Kotias_Mesolithic.SG
14.0 Russia_Afanasievo_sister.I3387_mother.I6711.SG
12.0 Turkey_Southeast_Titris_Hoyuk_EBA
10.8 Russia_Samara_EBA_Yamnaya
7.0 Russia_Altai_Firsovo_N
5.6 Bulgaria_Yunatsite_Chalcolithic_GumelnitaKaranovo
0.6 Romania_PietreleMaguraGorgana_Gumelnita_C
0.4 Austria_N_LBK



Target: tk'es_scaled
Distance: 2.7662% / 0.02766243 | R5P
41.2 Turkey_BlackSea_Ikiztepe_Chalcolithic
22.6 Russia_Afanasievo_sister.I3387_mother.I6711.SG
14.8 Georgia_Kotias_Mesolithic.SG
12.4 Turkey_Southeast_Titris_Hoyuk_EBA
9.0 Russia_Khakassia_Afanasievo_oOkunevo

[Altaylardan Tunaya]

Target: Ice_scaled
Distance: 0.7403% / 0.00740270
23.2 Russia_Kalmykia_EBA_Yamnaya_o2
11.6 Turkey_East_Arslantepe_Chalcolithic
10.4 Jordan_PPNB
9.6 Slovakia_N_LBK
9.0 Iran_C_TepeHissar
7.0 Iran_GanjDareh_N
6.0 Russia_Samara_EBA_Yamnaya
5.6 Georgia_Kotias_Mesolithic.SG
3.8 Ukraine_EBA_Yamnaya
3.6 Bulgaria_Yunatsite_Chalcolithic_GumelnitaKaranovo
2.6 Bulgaria_Varna_Chalcolithic
2.4 Turkey_Southeast_Batman_Chalcolithic
1.8 Russia_Kalmykia_EBA
1.2 Israel_C
0.8 Armenia_Aknashen_N
0.8 Russia_Afanasievo_sister.I3387_mother.I6711.SG
0.6 Bulgaria_Yunatsite_EBA

Distance to: Ice_scaled
0.09507136 Azerbaijan_MenteshTepe_BA_ShomutepeShulaveri.SG:MT 23.SG__BC_5000__Cov_16.97%
0.09563090 Armenia_Areni1_Chalcolithic:I1409__BC_4097__Cov_8. 32%
0.09861689 Russia_Adygea_Maykop_Tsarskaya_LateNeolithic:I4429 __BC_3350__Cov_70.98%
0.09972280 Ukraine_Eneolithic_Usatove_Majaky_C:MAJ023__BC_414 1__Cov_41.09%
0.10209411 Ukraine_Eneolithic_Usatove_Usatove-BolsojKujalnik_C:USV005__BC_3582__Cov_75.88%
0.10294078 Ukraine_Eneolithic_Usatove_Majaky_C:MAJ009__BC_439 3__Cov_30.86%
0.10319282 Armenia_Aknashen_N:I3931_enhanced__BC_5908__Cov_67 .67%
0.10401544 Ukraine_Eneolithic_Usatove_Usatove-BolsojKujalnik_C:UBK003__BC_3882__Cov_34.59%
0.10408754 Ukraine_Eneolithic_Usatove_Usatove-BolsojKujalnik_C:USV004__BC_3686__Cov_35.79%
0.10426845 Ukraine_Eneolithic_Usatove_Majaky_C:MAJ008__BC_411 1__Cov_18.36%
0.10446690 Ukraine_Usatove_N:I12706__BC_4264__Cov_77.09%
0.10499206 Ukraine_Eneolithic_Usatove_Majaky_C:MAJ020__BC_387 1__Cov_61.29%
0.10585629 Ukraine_Usatove_N:I7929__BC_3678__Cov_80.55%
0.10606059 Ukraine_Usatove_N:I1423__BC_4250__Cov_52.70%
0.10741286 Ukraine_Eneolithic_Usatove_Majaky_C:MAJ002__BC_434 7__Cov_77.55%
0.10898199 Ukraine_Eneolithic_Usatove_Majaky_C:MAJ003__BC_374 5__Cov_73.54%
0.11097016 Turkey_Marmara_Barcin_Chalcolithic:I1584__BC_3820_ _Cov_51.75%
0.11164519 Azerbaijan_MenteshTepe_BA_ShomutepeShulaveri_1d.re l.MT23.SG:MT26.SG__BC_5000__Cov_10.27%
0.11372223 Ukraine_Eneolithic_Usatove_Usatove-BolsojKujalnik_C:UBK006__BC_3625__Cov_42.22%
0.11455085 Ukraine_Usatove_N:I12710__BC_4133__Cov_40.25%
0.11736772 Ukraine_CernavodaI_Kartal_C:KTL008__BC_3675__Cov_1 9.23%
0.11760009 Ukraine_CernavodaI_Kartal_C:KTL003__BC_3602__Cov_5 2.75%
0.11871362 Russia_Adygea_Maykop_Unakozovskaya_LateNeolithic:I 1717__BC_3950__Cov_63.29%
0.12069142 Iran_C_SehGabi:I1674_enhanced__BC_3881__Cov_81.14%
0.12092040 Turkey_Southeast_Batman_Chalcolithic:I14730__BC_40 00__Cov_8.02%

[keterpier]

Target: keterpier_scaled
Distance: 0.6764% / 0.00676374
32.6 Turkey_BlackSea_Ikiztepe_Chalcolithic
9.6 Bulgaria_Yunatsite_Chalcolithic_GumelnitaKaranovo
9.0 Romania_PietreleMaguraGorgana_Gumelnita_C
8.0 Iran_GanjDareh_N
7.4 Russia_Kalmykia_EBA_Yamnaya_o2
7.4 Ukraine_Vynohradhe_N
4.6 TUR_SE_Gaziantep_BA
3.8 Moldova_EBA_Yamnaya
3.2 Ukraine_Eneolithic_SeredniiStih
2.8 Turkey_Southeast_Titris_Hoyuk_EBA
2.6 Azerbaijan_MenteshTepe_BA_ShomutepeShulaveri.SG
2.4 Russia_Altai_Firsovo_N
2.0 Armenia_Areni1_Chalcolithic
2.0 Bulgaria_Varna_Chalcolithic
1.8 Kazakhstan_EBA_Yamnaya
0.6 Turkey_Marmara_Barcin_Chalcolithic
0.2 Israel_C