Southeast England was 80% replaced by Anglo-Saxons in the Early Middle Ages

[Ajeje Brazorf]

Some of the samples we currently have from the Viking and Anglo-Saxon eras definitely shift out of modern populations. I wonder if this is "real" or an artifact of the PCA.

[J. Ketch]

I remember there was a kit of a 14th century Plague Victim from London, who was very Southern-shifted/French-like. Do you still have the gedmatch scores for him Peterski?

[Paleolithic]

Target: Paleolithic_scaled Distance: 5.6495% / 0.05649474
89.6 England_Saxon
9.4 SWE_Viking_Age_Sigtuna
1.0 England_Roman

Distance to: Paleolithic_scaled
0.05662887 England_Saxon:I0769
0.06493732 SWE_Viking_Age_Sigtuna:vik_84001
0.06545302 England_Saxon:I0159
0.06555991 England_Saxon:I0773
0.06668266 SWE_Viking_Age_Sigtuna:vik_grt035
0.06682187 SWE_Viking_Age_Sigtuna:vik_kls001
0.06796331 England_Saxon:I0161
0.06813097 England_Saxon:I0157
0.06941985 England_Saxon:I0777
0.07004397 England_Saxon:NO3423
0.07089416 SWE_Viking_Age_Sigtuna:vik_stg026
0.07201973 England_Roman:6DT18
0.07352973 SWE_Viking_Age_Sigtuna:vik_stg021
0.07356575 SWE_Viking_Age_Sigtuna:vik_gtm021
0.07410970 England_Roman:6DT3
0.07445717 SWE_Viking_Age_Sigtuna:vik_urm035
0.07492253 SWE_Viking_Age_Sigtuna:vik_urm160
0.07509126 England_Roman:3DT16
0.07809393 England_Saxon:I0774
0.07829500 England_Roman:6DT21
0.07925876 England_Roman:6DT22
0.08167477 SWE_Viking_Age_Sigtuna:vik_grt036
0.08380381 England_Roman:6DT23
0.08570145 SWE_Viking_Age_Sigtuna:vik_84005
0.08700848 SWE_Viking_Age_Sigtuna:vik_97002

Target: Paleolithic_scaled Distance: 6.9600% / 0.06959978
100.0 Germanic

[Arzanene]

it generally depends on the region. this guy is from Coastal Nofolk in east anglia and he seems to be very Germanic/Saxon.

Norfolk,47.39,23.79,15.66,1.42,7.84,1.05,0.61,0,0, 1.45,0.58,0.21,0

while this person is a mix from different parts of the West midlands and seems very Celtic.

west_midlands,53.77,22.21,11.57,4.45,4.32,0.64,0.0 6,0.27,0.6,1.17,0.95,0,0

[J. Ketch]

it generally depends on the region. this guy is from Coastal Nofolk in east anglia and he seems to be very Germanic/Saxon.

Norfolk,47.39,23.79,15.66,1.42,7.84,1.05,0.61,0,0, 1.45,0.58,0.21,0

while this person is a mix from different parts of the West midlands and seems very Celtic.

west_midlands,53.77,22.21,11.57,4.45,4.32,0.64,0.0 6,0.27,0.6,1.17,0.95,0,0

Individuals can vary a lot, but these are averages for different regions of England:

English_Midlands(n=65),49.46,23.56,13.75,5.58,4.09,0.63,1.09,0.19,0.23,0.49,0.41,0.24,0.20
English_North(n=107),50.43,23.89,13.25,5.51,3.41,0.67,1.00,0.11,0.29,0.60,0.40,0.19,0.18
English_Southeast(n=83),48.87,23.39,13.79,5.65,4.52,0.76,1.11,0.19,0.31,0.56,0.42,0.22,0.13
English_Southwest(n=38),50.08,22.98,14.31,5.42,3.64,0.62,1.08,0.14,0.22,0.66,0.46,0.17,0.16
English_East(n=19),48.53,23.36,13.76,5.38,5.07,0.89,1.01,0.28,0.38,0.57,0.27,0.29,0.14
English_East_Midlands(n=25),49.1,23.71,14.03,5.77,3.89,0.79,1.03,0.15,0.15,0.46,0.42,0.23,0.22
English_Northeast(n=13),49.73,24.59,13.25,5.66,3.38,0.79,0.91,0.04,0.36,0.62,0.31,0.18,0.11
English_Northwest(n=52),50.70,23.63,13.36,5.42,3.46,0.61,0.96,0.16,0.28,0.58,0.36,0.20,0.22
English_South_East(n=56),48.98,23.53,13.71,5.73,4.28,0.76,1.14,0.16,0.26,0.57,0.46,0.21,0.14
English_West_Midlands(n=41),49.80,23.41,13.60,5.44,4.18,0.54,1.14,0.21,0.28,0.52,0.39,0.24,0.18
English_Yorkshire(n=26),50.99,23.55,13.20,5.60,2.92,0.77,1.07,0.11,0.21,0.68,0.54,0.16,0.15
English_Lancashire(n=30),50.70,23.72,13.27,5.50,3.38,0.67,0.91,0.08,0.20,0.67,0.38,0.24,0.21

Distance to:	English_East(n=19)
0.74853190	English_Southeast
1.42902064	English_Midlands
1.58177116	English
2.25341962	English_Southwest
2.65299830	English_North
2.77771489	Dutch
2.87097544	Cornish
2.92579904	Dutch_South
3.26651190	Welsh
3.41027858	French_Brittany
3.49161854	Dutch_Central
3.85438711	Flemish
3.89916658	Scottish_East
4.00842862	German_Westphalia
4.03313774	German_Lower_Saxony_South
4.07155990	Scottish_North-Highlands
4.11141095	Scottish_Northeast
4.21557825	Scottish
4.49468575	German_Rhineland-Palatinate_East_of_Rhine
4.54739486	Scottish_Southwest
4.58652374	Belgian
4.66335716	Irish_Leinster
4.93850180	German_Schleswig-Holstein
5.05313764	Dutch_North
5.18830415	French_Normandy

Distance to:	English_West_Midlands(n=41)
0.38961519	English
0.45110974	English_Midlands
1.05247328	English_Southwest
1.05692952	English_Southeast
1.18456743	English_North
1.69319225	Cornish
1.82534928	Welsh
2.41878068	Scottish_East
2.57416006	Dutch
2.60578203	Scottish_Northeast
2.61044058	Scottish_North-Highlands
2.71950363	Scottish
3.00512895	Dutch_Central
3.05872522	Scottish_Southwest
3.19895295	Irish_Leinster
3.67922546	German_Westphalia
3.79180696	German_Lower_Saxony_South
3.96706441	French_Brittany
3.97502201	Scottish_Gaidhealtachd
4.20622158	Irish
4.32647663	German_Schleswig-Holstein
4.32952653	Dutch_North
4.37706523	Dutch_South
4.61557147	Irish_Connacht
4.66507235	Irish_Munster

West Midlands is actually closer by distance to Saxons etc, because SE England/East Anglia has more Celtic/Southern blood. SE Eng/East Anglia is shifted heavily towards South Dutch (Celto-Germanics).

[J. Ketch]

Quotes from the conclusions of Beddoe's The Races of Britain

That a comparison of the Indices of Nigrescence in the continental regions whence these last-named invaders came with those found in the parts of the British Isles where they settled, and those of the purest Gaelic and so-called Celtic stocks, leads towards the conclusion that in some parts of the east and north Anglo-Saxon or Scandinavian blood predominates, and that in the greater part of England it amounts to something like a half. For example, if we put the index of Friesland and Lower Saxony at about - 20, and that of West Cornwall and of Carmarthenshire (neither of which districts is free from Anglo-Saxon intermixture), at + 60, the mean, + 20, may be expected to represent a mixed population, in which these two stocks are of nearly equal potency. On examination of the coloured map, constructed from personal observation, it will be found that a very large part of England, and almost the entire east of Scotland, yield indices lower than + 20, and, by hypothesis, should have a larger proportion of the Saxon than of the Welsh element in the blood of the people.

So according to him English are about halfway between Frisians/Lower Saxons and the most Celtic parts of Britain (Sth Wales, Cornwall) in hair/eye pigmentation. So much for 'Brits' all being the same.

That the French immigration, subsequent to the Norman Conquest, was large enough to produce a definite ethnological effect in some of the eastern and southern parts of England. That this effect was greater in North and East Yorkshire, and less in most parts of Kent, than the respective positions of these counties would have led one to expect.

Earlier in the book he speculated a 15-20% Norman French input based on name frequency in the Middle Ages, which coincides with 18% 'Italian' signal in modern English that the Viking paper authors speculated was Norman-related.

The proportion of Norman or French blood in southern and eastern England in the time of Edward I. may have equalled 15, or even approached 20 per cent. It was greater than this in the south-midland counties, but less in East Anglia, and in the western and northern counties, especially where free sokemen abounded. It was perhaps rather small in Kent, taken as a whole, owing to the nature- of the land- tenures there, which gave little opportunity to foreigners to get on the land. It was greater in Yorkshire, or at least the north and east of Yorkshire, than in other counties equally remote, owing to the devastation of Deira by the Conqueror having left openings for colonisation

Was any permanent change in physical type effected by the results of the Conquest ? and if so, where, and in what direction ? The addition of fifteen or twenty per cent, of a foreign element, or, more correctly, the addition of fifteen or twenty of a foreign to eighty-five or eighty of a native one, might be expected to produce a distinct and lasting effect if such new element were homogeneous; but homogeneous it was not. The prevailing types among the Galato-Merovingian military aristocracy of France, as well as among the mostly Scandinavian aristocracy of Normandy, were still, we have reason to believe, blond and long-headed ; and the remains of the Anglo-Danish one, with which they certainly mixed to a considerable extent, were a purer breed of the same type, which is still the prevailing one among the upper classes of England. The bulk of the immigrants, however, especially of the portion of them who filtered in gradually and peacefully in later times, would doubtless more resemble the majority of the modern inhabitants of the north of France ; that is to say, they would be in the main a mixture of the square-browed long-faced type which the French ethnologists call Kimric, with the short swarthy round-headed type of Broca's Kelts or Kelto-ligurians. This last, being rather feebly represented here previously, would not easily merge. I think it continues pretty common in the districts where my name-tables lead me to think the most French- men settled. Short, dark, blunt-featured people are commoner, I think, in the South- Midlands than in most other parts ; and the small, swarthy, round-faced people whom Phillips met with so frequently along the Yorkshire Ouse, and who struck him by their contrast to the prevailing Yorkshire types, may as well be traced to this immigration as to any early Iberian or Ugrian strain

[Ajeje Brazorf]

Individuals can vary a lot, but these are averages for different regions of England:

West Midlands is actually closer by distance to Saxons etc, because SE England/East Anglia has more Celtic/Southern blood. SE Eng/East Anglia is shifted heavily towards South Dutch (Celto-Germanics).

While diverse, England's homogeneity is high compared to other European countries.

[J.S.]

While diverse, England's homogeneity is high compared to other European countries.

You are right, but ones need to compare England with another country of similar size. England is just 130 395 km2 without natural barrier, as far as i know.

[celticdragongod]

Distance to: CDG
1.83711731 English_Northeast(n=13)
2.31205536 English_North(n=107)
2.54994118 English_Lancashire(n=30)
2.62786986 English_Northwest(n=52)
2.74444894 English_Yorkshire(n=26)
2.92620915 English_Midlands(n=65)
2.94271983 English_West_Midlands(n=41)
3.04886864 English_East_Midlands(n=25)
3.11358314 English_South_East(n=56)
3.36569458 English_Southeast(n=83)
3.55177420 English_Southwest(n=38)
3.81308274 English_East(n=19)

Target: CDG
Distance: 1.8371% / 1.83711731
100.0 English_Northeast(n=13)

[Roy]

Distance to: CDG
1.83711731 English_Northeast(n=13)
2.31205536 English_North(n=107)
2.54994118 English_Lancashire(n=30)
2.62786986 English_Northwest(n=52)
2.74444894 English_Yorkshire(n=26)
2.92620915 English_Midlands(n=65)
2.94271983 English_West_Midlands(n=41)
3.04886864 English_East_Midlands(n=25)
3.11358314 English_South_East(n=56)
3.36569458 English_Southeast(n=83)
3.55177420 English_Southwest(n=38)
3.81308274 English_East(n=19)

Target: CDG
Distance: 1.8371% / 1.83711731
100.0 English_Northeast(n=13)

What CDG stands for?