2
The Turkic languages consist of an eastern (Common Turkic) and a western branch (Oghur Turkic) which are further divided into six branches: Oghuz, Arghu, Kipchak, Oghur, Karluk and Siberian Turkic as this appears in the following scheme[1]:
Proto-Turkic
Common Turkic (Eastern)OghuzKipchakKarlukSiberianArghuOghur Turkic (Western)ChuvashBulgar (extinct)Indicatively, the following map can be seen: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikiped...%BArquicas.pngKhazar? (extinct)
The separation between eastern and western branches could have been as early as the division of the Göktürk Empire. The Orkhon inscriptions are already in Common Turkic. The westernmost part of the khaganate was controlled by the Khazars.
The predominant y-dna haplogroup among Turkmen people has been found to be Q-M25[2][3]. In Turkey, according to a research, among 523 samples 9 Q*, 1 Q-M25, 4 R-M73 were found [4]. However this haplogroup is found with a frequency of 13% among Afshar Turks in Turkey[5], whereas it could be even higher among Turkomans. Azerbaijani Turks also display varying frequencies of y-dna Q from 1-10% in Northern Iran[6]. Turkmenistan is also the source region for the population which turkified Anatolia and Azerbaijan. Therefore it is gathered that the original haplogroup among Oghuz Turks was probably Q-M25.
Tatars and Bashkirs display high frequencies (up to 15%) for haplogroup Q[7][8]. For quite a while, the predominant y-dna haplogroup among Kipchak Turks was thought to be R1b-M73, but this subsequently has been overturned, as pointed out by Behar et al. 2010, it is actually Q. The prevalent Q subclade among Karakalpaks is Q-M346[9]. Haplogroup Q* is found with a frequency 48% among the Kangly tribe of Kazakhs[10].
The most frequent clade of Q-M242 among Uzbeks and Uyghurs, the two parts of the Karluk family is Q-M346, with the occasional existence of other clades.
Siberian Turks belong overwhelmingly to the Q-M346 branch, whilst R-M73 is also present among all of them, alas in very low frequencies, and as was pointed earlier this might actually prove to be Q-M25[11][12][13].
Arghu turkic is a divergent branch of Common Turkic and its sole represenatitve, Khalaj has a small population in Iran which has apparently not been tested. However, the Ghilji Pashtun tribe of neighbouring Afghanistan, which purportedly stems to a large degree from Khalaj Turks, displays a high frequency of Q-L275.[14]
Ashkenazi Jewish carry 5% of the y-dna Q-M378, which is a subclade of Q-L275 and given their origins in Eastern Europe, where they could actually refer to Khazar ancestry, since Khazars had a quite powerful state in the Ukrainian steppes with Judaism as the main religion [15]. In Bulgaria, we also have cases of Q-L275 which are more numerous than other Q subclades[16]. Bulgars were an oghuric speaking tribe.
The little samples among Chuvash belonging to haplogroup Q-M242 belong to the Q-M25 subclade.
The phylogeny of haplogroup Q-M242 and its subclades with their defining mutations according to the 2018 ISOGG tree is presented below[17]:
Q-M242 M242
Q-F903 (Q1)Q-F1096 F1096, F1215Q-NWT01 NWT01Q-M120 M120, M265/N14Q-M25 M25, M143Q-L712 L712Q-M346 L56, L57, M346, L528Q-L53 L53Q-L54 L54Q-CTS11969 CTS11969, M930Q-M3 M3Q-M19 M19Q-L804 L804Q-CTS1780 CTS1780, M981, M971, Z780Q-L330 L330Q-F835 F835, L940Q-F1161 F1161Q-L527 L527Q-L275 L275, L314 (Q2)Q-M378 M378/Page100, L214, L215/Page82Q-FGC1774 FGC1774, Y2016Q-245 L245Q-Y1150 Y1150
Therefore, it can be seen that there is a general resemblance between the phylogeny of haplogroup Q-M242 in the Old World and the classification scheme of the Turkic languages. Specifically, Q-F903 could match to Common Turkic while Q-L275 is a much better match for Oghur Turkic. Furthermore, Q-M25 could relate to Oghuz and Kipchak branches, while Q-M346 correlates more with the Karluk and Siberian turkic branches. A subclade of Q-M346, namely Q-L330 is known to have close correlation with the Yeniseian language family.
It is subsequently proposed that the various subclades of haplogroup Q-M242 had a prominent role in the diversification of the Turkic languages and the expansion of Turkic speaking peoples[18].
[1] Lars Johanson (1998) http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html
[2] http://генофонд.рф/wp-content/upload..._096-print.pdf
[3] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-03176-z
[4] https://link.springer.com/article/10...439-003-1031-4
[5] https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI3328565/
[6] http://images.biomedsearch.com/22815...UyNRNhVTWrA%3D http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Anci.../22815981.html
[7] http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turk...icGenetics.htm http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turk...atarsY_DNA.gif
[8] https://link.springer.com/article/10...26893316060029
[9] https://images.nature.com/full/natur...g2014285x5.pdf
[10] http://docplayer.ru/60705358-Federal...izatovich.html
[11] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1380230/
[12] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3276666
[13] https://www.nature.com/articles/jhg201164
[14] https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.co...862-016-0870-2
[15] https://www.researchgate.net/publica..._collaboration
[16] http://journals.plos.org/plosone/art...l.pone.0056779
[17] https://isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpQ.html
[18] https://www.researchgate.net/publica...p_Q_in_Eurasia
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